Table 2.
Patient parameters stratified by time cohort (1998–2007 vs. 2008–2018).
| “Early” (1998–2007) (N = 582) | “Recent” (2008–2018) (N = 608) | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | N | ||||
| Age (years) | 582 | 36 (28–45) | 608 | 37 (28–49) | 0.026 |
| Sex (male) | 582 | 147 (25.3%) | 608 | 148 (24.3%) | 0.72 |
| King’s College Criteria met (days 1–7) | 582 | 110 (18.9%) | 608 | 106 (17.4%) | 0.51 |
| ALFSG Prognostic Index (admission) | |||||
| Survival Predicted Probability ≥ 80% | 566 | 214 (37.8%) | 538 | 216 (40.1%) | 0.43 |
| Highest MELD (days 1–7) | 576 | 29.0 (18.7–35.7) |
600 | 25.8 (16.3–32.5) |
<0.001 |
| Coma Grade 3/4 (days 1–7) | 581 | 375 (64.5%) | 577 | 358 (62.0%) | 0.38 |
| Organ Support (days 1–7) | |||||
| Mechanical Ventilation | 582 | 371 (63.7%) | 608 | 364 (59.9%) | 0.17 |
| Vasopressors | 582 | 207 (35.6%) | 608 | 187 (30.8%) | 0.08 |
| Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy | 582 | 44 (7.6%) | 608 | 135 (22.2%) | <0.001 |
| Intermittent Hemodialysis | 577 | 179 (31.0%) | 604 | 87 (14.4%) | <0.001 |
| ICP Directed Therapies (days 1–7) | |||||
| ICP monitor | 582 | 95 (16.3%) | 608 | 49 (8.1%) | <0.001 |
| Mannitol | 582 | 125 (21.5%) | 608 | 105 (17.3%) | 0.07 |
| Barbiturate | 582 | 59 (10.1%) | 608 | 22 (3.6%) | <0.001 |
| Hypothermia | 582 | 18 (3.1%) | 608 | 55 (9.0%) | <0.001 |
| Sedatives | 582 | 398 (68.4%) | 608 | 342 (56.2%) | <0.001 |
| Blood Products (days 1–7) | |||||
| Red Blood Cells | 582 | 225 (38.7%) | 608 | 129 (21.2%) | <0.001 |
| Fresh Frozen Plasma | 582 | 341 (58.6%) | 608 | 198 (32.6%) | <0.001 |
| Recombinant Factor VIIA | 582 | 0 (0.0%) | 608 | 21 (3.5%) | <0.001 |
| Platelets | 582 | 123 (21.1%) | 608 | 101 (16.6%) | 0.046 |
| ICU Complications (days 1–7) | |||||
| Seizures | 582 | 46 (7.9%) | 608 | 27 (4.4%) | 0.013 |
| Arrhythmia | 582 | 159 (27.3%) | 608 | 88 (14.5%) | <0.001 |
| Gastrointestinal Bleeding | 582 | 68 (11.7%) | 608 | 33 (5.4%) | <0.001 |
| N-acetylcysteine | |||||
| Intravenous | 582 | 504 (86.6%) | 608 | 480 (78.9%) | <0.001 |
| Oral | 582 | 516 (88.7%) | 608 | 238 (39.1%) | <0.001 |
| Psychological Comorbidities | 582 | 286 (49.1%) | 608 | 355 (58.4%) | 0.001 |
| Depression | 497 | 201 (40.4%) | 486 | 233 (47.9%) | 0.018 |
| Schizophrenia | 300 | 4 (1.3%) | 265 | 12 (4.5%) | 0.022 |
| Chronic Pain | 299 | 3 (1.0%) | 254 | 1 (0.4%) | 0.40 |
| Bipolar Disorder | 333 | 37 (11.1%) | 331 | 78 (23.6%) | <0.001 |
| Anxiety | 332 | 36 (10.8%) | 347 | 94 (27.1%) | <0.001 |
| Overdose Intent | 0.12 | ||||
| Intentional | 526 | 233 (44.3%) | 536 | 212 (39.6%) | |
| Unintentional | 526 | 293 (55.7%) | 536 | 324 (60.4%) | |
| Intravenous Drug Use | 572 | 31 (5.4%) | 606 | 64 (10.6%) | 0.001 |
| Intracranial Hypertension (days 1–21) | 165 | 85 (51.5%) | 412 | 123 (29.9%) | <0.001 |
| Death (days 1–21) | 509 | 156 (30.6%) | 539 | 117 (21.7%) | 0.001 |
| Cerebral Edema Death | 509 | 59 (11.6%) | 537 | 24 (4.5%) | <0.001 |
| Listed for Liver Transplantation | 582 | 152 (26.1%) | 607 | 121 (19.9%) | 0.011 |
| Received Liver Transplant (days 1–21) | 581 | 50 (8.6%) | 605 | 50 (8.3%) | 0.83 |
| Transplant-free Survival (day 21) | 519 | 320 (61.7%) | 550 | 384 (69.8%) | 0.005 |
Abbreviations: ALFSG, Acute Liver Failure Study Group; ICP, intracranial pressure; ICU, intensive care unit; MELD, model for end stage liver disease.