Table 1.
Baseline Patient Characteristics by Discharge Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) in Heart Failure Patients with Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction ≤ 40%
| Before propensity score matching (n=5615) | After propensity score matching (n=2378) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| n (%) or mean (±SD) | Discharge SBP | Discharge SBP | ||||
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| <130 mm Hg (n=3805) | ≥130 mm Hg (n=1810) | P value | <130 mm Hg (n=1189) | ≥130 mm Hg (n=1189) | P value | |
| Age (years) | 75 (11) | 76 (11) | 0.042 | 76 (10) | 77 (10) | 0.848 |
| Female | 1316 (35%) | 838 (46%) | <0.001 | 534 (45%) | 527 (44%) | 0.773 |
| African American | 396 (10%) | 320 (18%) | <0.001 | 167 (14%) | 153 (13%) | 0.400 |
| Smoking history | 488 (13%) | 230 (13%) | 0.901 | 147 (12%) | 146 (12%) | 0.950 |
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| Past medical history | ||||||
| Prior heart failure | 3502 (92%) | 1640 (91%) | 0.072 | 1067 (90%) | 1075 (90%) | 0.583 |
| Hypertension | 2170 (57%) | 1358 (75%) | <0.001 | 834 (70%) | 832 (70%) | 0.929 |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 1243 (33%) | 514 (28%) | 0.001 | 342 (29%) | 357 (30%) | 0.500 |
| Coronary revascularization | 1520 (40%) | 650 (36%) | 0.004 | 441 (37%) | 440 (37%) | 0.966 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1429 (38%) | 829 (46%) | <0.001 | 519 (44%) | 530 (45%) | 0.650 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 563 (15%) | 317 (18%) | 0.009 | 220 (19%) | 210 (18%) | 0.594 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 564 (15%) | 313 (17%) | 0.017 | 195 (16%) | 198 (17%) | 0.868 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1397 (37%) | 584 (32%) | 0.001 | 414 (35%) | 400 (34%) | 0.545 |
| Ventricular arrhythmia | 436 (12%) | 123 (7%) | <0.001 | 93 (8%) | 89 (8%) | 0.758 |
| Implantable cardioverter defibrillator | 451 (12%) | 108 (6%) | <0.001 | 80 (7%) | 86 (7%) | 0.629 |
| Biventricular pacemaker | 298 (8%) | 68 (4%) | <0.001 | 52 (4%) | 59 (5%) | 0.496 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1015 (27%) | 440 (24%) | 0.059 | 292 (25%) | 298 (25%) | 0.776 |
| Depression | 367 (10%) | 174 (10%) | 0.970 | 116 (10%) | 110 (9%) | 0.675 |
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| Admission clinical characteristics | ||||||
| Dyspnea on exertion | 2415 (64%) | 1116 (62%) | 0.189 | 738 (62%) | 744 (63%) | 0.800 |
| Orthopnea | 1049 (28%) | 482 (27%) | 0.460 | 311 (26%) | 326 (27%) | 0.487 |
| Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea | 629 (17%) | 286 (16%) | 0.489 | 183 (15%) | 183 (15%) | 1.000 |
| Dyspnea at rest | 1593 (42%) | 777 (43%) | 0.451 | 499 (42%) | 512 (43%) | 0.590 |
| Chest pain | 772 (20%) | 395 (22%) | 0.185 | 252 (21%) | 260 (22%) | 0.690 |
| Jugular venous pressure elevation | 1284 (34%) | 532 (29%) | 0.001 | 339 (29%) | 343 (29%) | 0.856 |
| Pulmonary rales | 2272 (60%) | 1150 (64%) | 0.006 | 759 (64%) | 754 (63%) | 0.831 |
| Peripheral edema | 2347 (62%) | 1117 (62%) | 0.982 | 722 (61%) | 734 (62%) | 0.614 |
| Pulse (beats/minute) | 77 (±13) | 75 (±13) | <0.001 | 76 (±13) | 76 (±13) | 0.904 |
| Discharge SBP (mmHg)* | 110 (±11) | 144 (±13) | N/A | 115 (±10) | 142 (±11) | N/A |
| Discharge SBP <90 mmHg* | 153 (4%) | 0 (0%) | N/A | 12 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | N/A |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 63 (±10) | 74 (±11) | <0.001 | 70 (±9) | 70 (±10) | 0.856 |
| Serum creatinine (mEq/L) | 1.7 (±0.9) | 1.8 (±1.4) | <0.001 | 1.7 (±1.1) | 1.7 (±1.0) | 0.352 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 25 (±8) | 29 (±8) | <0.001 | 28 (±8) | 28 (±8) | 0.996 |
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| Discharge medications | ||||||
| ACE inhibitors or ARBs | 2515 (66%) | 1251 (69%) | 0.024 | 815 (69%) | 807 (68%) | 0.725 |
| Beta blockers | 2673 (70%) | 1303 (72%) | 0.180 | 845 (71%) | 842 (71%) | 0.892 |
| Aldosterone antagonists | 711 (19%) | 256 (14%) | <0.001 | 182 (15%) | 171 (14%) | 0.526 |
| Digoxin | 1624 (43%) | 605 (33%) | <0.001 | 422 (36%) | 432 (36%) | 0.669 |
| Loop diuretics | 3210 (84%) | 1455 (80%) | <0.001 | 996 (84%) | 978 (82%) | 0.326 |
| Amlodipine | 96 (3%) | 164 (9%) | <0.001 | 71 (6%) | 59 (5%) | 0.279 |
| Other calcium channel blockers | 162 (4%) | 166 (9%) | <0.001 | 82 (7%) | 90 (8%) | 0.527 |
| Hydralazine | 130 (3%) | 111 (6%) | <0.001 | 56 (5%) | 56 (5%) | 1.000 |
| Nitrates | 914 (24%) | 557 (31%) | <0.001 | 325 (27%) | 336 (28%) | 0.615 |
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| Hospital characteristics | ||||||
| Academic | 1933 (51%) | 885 (49%) | 0.182 | 602 (51%) | 587 (49%) | 0.538 |
| Transplant | 774 (20%) | 282 (16%) | <0.001 | 208 (18%) | 189 (16%) | 0.296 |
| Interventional | 3108 (82%) | 1438 (79%) | 0.046 | 967 (81%) | 964 (81%) | 0.875 |
| Bed (number) † | 375 (251) | 375 (280) | 0.729 | 375 (241) | 375 (230) | 0.870 |
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| Length of hospital stay (days) † | 4 (4) | 5 (5) | <0.001 | 4 (4) | 4 (4) | 0.999 |
*
SBP is the exposure variable and would not be expected to be balanced in the matched cohort; presented for descriptive purposes only.
†
Median (interquartile range), p values based on non-parametric independent sample median test.
ACE = angiotensin converting enzyme; ARBs = angiotensin receptor blockers