Table 4.

Summary of membrane modification applied in tolerance engineering.

Microbes	Stressors	Final results	Refs
S. cerevisiae	Ethanol	The proportion of saturated fatty acids was replaced with the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids.	[74]
S. cerevisiae	Ethanol	The proportion of saturated fatty acid was changed to unsaturated fatty acid.	[75]
S. cerevisiae	Various stressors including acetic acid, benzoic, propionic, sorbic acids, ethanol, NaCl, diamide, menadione and tert-butyl peroxide	Hog1 was constitutively active by overexpression of OLE1 through Ssk2	[76]
S. cerevisiae	Ethanol and high temperature	Overexpression of OLE1 resulted in the increased membrane fluidity.	[77]
S. cerevisiae	Octanoic acid, hexanoic acid, 2-propanol, and n-butanol	The Acc1S1157A mutant of the native acetyl-CoA carboxylase was overexpressed.	[78]
E. coli	Octanoic acid	The Cti enzyme from p. aeruginosa was heterologously expressed to improve integrity of cell membrane.	[79]