Table 1.
Example of some research on sonochemical H2 generation that can advance the SDGs.
| The focus of the study | Key points | SDGs and targets | Countries of affiliation (authors) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sonophotocatalytic generation of H2 using TiO2 in water | - Sonolytic, sonophotolytic, sonocatalytic, and sonophotocatalytic processes were compared. - The highest generation of H2 was obtained in sonolytic process. |
SDG- 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. Target 7.3 SDG-12 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. Target 12.2 |
Japan | [32] |
| Sonophotocatalytic generation of H2 using rare earth catalysts in water/ethanol mixture | - Rare earth catalysts (La0.5Ga0.5InO3 La0.8Ga0.2InO3, S:La0.8Ga0.2InO3) were synthesized and used. - The highest generation of H2 was obtained in sonophotocatalytic process. |
SDG- 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. Target 7.3 SDG- 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation. Target 9.4 SDG-12 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. Target 12.5 |
Italy | [33] |
| Sonolytic generation of H2 using Au/TiO2 in water/alcohol mixtures | - TiO2 and Au/TiO2 were compared for the H2 generation under various water/alcohol mixtures. - The highest generation of H2 was obtained in sonocatalytic process using methanol and Au/TiO2. |
SDG- 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. Target 7.3 SDG-12 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. Target 12.2 |
China, Australia | [34] |
| Sonophotocatalytic generation of H2 using rare earth catalysts in water/ethanol mixture | - Rare earth catalysts using La, Gd, Y, and Yb were synthesized and used. - The highest generation of H2 was obtained in sonophotocatalytic process using S:Y0.8Ga0.2InO3. |
SDG- 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. Target 7.3 SDG- 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation. Target 9.4 SDG-12 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. Target 12.5 |
Italy | [35] |
| Sonocatalytic generation of H2 using metal oxides in water | - Macro and nano sized metal oxides (ThO2, ZrO2, and TiO2) were synthesized and used. - The highest generation of H2 was obtained in sonocatalytic process using TiO2. |
SDG- 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. Target 7.3 SDG-12 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. Target 12.2 |
France | [36] |
| Sonolytic generation of H2 in water/alcohol mixtures | - The highest generation of H2 was obtained in sonolytic process using water/methanol mixture. - Additional H2 generation was observed after the end of ultrasound irradiation. |
SDG- 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. Target 7.3 SDG-12 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. Target 12.2 |
Germany | [37] |
| Sonolytic generation of H2 in water | - The highest H2 generation was obtained in sonolytic process at 20 kHz. - The sonochemical H2 generation was simulated under various conditions (four gases and four frequencies). |
SDG- 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. Target 7.3 SDG-12 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. Target 12.2 |
Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Norway | [31] |