Table 2.
Maternal complications and perinatal outcomes in the three groups
| HMG (n = 918) | LE + HMG (n = 341) | HRT (n = 1451) | p value | HMG vs. LE + HMG | HMG vs. HRT | HRT vs. LE + HMG | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal complications | |||||||
| GDM (%) | 98 (10.7) | 40 (11.7) | 132 (9.1) | 0.232 | |||
| HDP (%) | 71 (7.7) | 20 (5.9) | 140 (9.6) | 0.046* | 0.255 | 0.111 | 0.027* |
| PPH (%) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.3) | 6 (0.4) | 0.399 | |||
| Abnormal placentation (%) | 8 (0.9) | 1 (0.3) | 16 (1.1) | 0.364 | |||
| Oligohydramnios (%) | 10 (1.1) | 2 (0.6) | 18 (1.2) | 0.582 | |||
| Polyhydramnios (%) | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.3) | 4 (0.2) | > 0.999 | |||
| Mode of delivery (%) | 0.013* | 0.975 | 0.007* | 0.052 | |||
| Vaginal | 263 (28.6) | 98 (28.7) | 344 (23.7) | ||||
| Cesarean delivery | 655 (71.4) | 243 (71.3) | 1107 (76.3) | ||||
| Gestational age (weeks) | 38.29 ± 1.79 | 38.31 ± 2.35 | 38.43 ± 1.64 | 0.184 | |||
| Neonatal outcomes | |||||||
| Sex of neonate (%) | 0.290 | ||||||
| Male | 480 (52.3) | 174 (51.0) | 798 (55.0) | ||||
| Female | 435 (47.4) | 164 (48.1) | 642 (44.2) | ||||
| Unknown | 3 (0.3) | 3 (0.9) | 11 (0.8) | ||||
| Birth weight (g) | 3434.2 ± 557.0 | 3412.8 ± 591.2 | 3480.9 ± 576.5 | 0.051 | |||
| Weight category (%) | |||||||
| < 1500 g | 5 (0.5) | 5 (1.5) | 17 (1.2) | 0.211 | |||
| 1500–2500 g | 47 (5.1) | 15 (4.4) | 53 (3.7) | 0.223 | |||
| 4000–4500 g | 132 (14.4) | 46 (13.5) | 239 (16.5) | 0.227 | |||
| > 4500 g | 15 (1.6) | 6 (1.8) | 31 (2.1) | 0.668 | |||
| SGA (%) | 17 (1.9) | 9 (2.6) | 18 (1.2) | 0.147 | |||
| LGA (%) | 293 (31.9) | 96 (28.2) | 534 (36.8) | 0.002* | 0.199 | 0.015* | 0.003* |
| Stillbirth (%) | 3 (0.3) | 3 (0.9) | 11 (0.8) | 0.354 | |||
| Preterm birth (%) | 86 (9.4) | 36 (10.6) | 140 (9.6) | 0.817 |
HMG human menopausal gonadotropin, LE letrozole, HRT hormone replacement therapy, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, HDP hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, PPH postpartum hemorrhage, SGA small for gestational age, LGA large for gestational age
Abnormal placentation includes placenta previa, placental abruption, and placenta implantation
*p-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant