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. 2023 Nov 17;13:20167. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-46416-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Volatile metabolites in artemisinin treated and untreated Wild-Type (NF54) and K13 artemisinin resistant (NF54-C580Y) Plasmodium. (A) the abundance of a set of recurrent 22 VOCs shown as a heatmap. To enable comparison between VOCs with different abundances, the abundance of each VOC is normalized in the [0,1] range. Each plot is headed with the smallest p-value returned by the Kruskal–Wallis test. (B) distribution of compounds showing the largest change after drug administration. (C) Distribution of the cumulative abundance of the major chemical families in the four groups of samples. (D) Plot of the first two principal components of the PCA calculated with standardized data shown in Fig. 2A.