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. 2023 Nov 17;13:20167. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-46416-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of the normalized abundance of the VOCs in the headspace of lab-adapted and field isolate parasites cultured in Albumax and Human serum. To enable comparison, the abundance of VOCs is scaled in the interval [0,1]. (A) Normalized abundance heatmap, the sequence of parasite is repeated in Albumax and human serum. (B) Distribution of the normalized abundance of the VOCs with p < 0.01 respect to species in Albumax. (C) Distribution of the normalized abundance of the VOCs with p<0.01 respect to species in Human serum. (D and E) Plots of the first two principal components calculated with the more discriminant VOCs in Albumax and human serum respectively. Lab adapted strains include 3D7, WT (NF54) and K13 (NF54 20 C580Y). Lab-adapted field isolates include Tan (MRA-1169 Tanzania), Cam (MRA-1251 Cambodia) and Sud (MRA-464 Sudan)..