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. 2023 Nov 17;13:20137. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-46935-x

Table 3.

Summary statistics related to the heterogeneity and publication bias.

Validity and reliability analyses Heterogeneity statistics Publication bias
Q p I2 Tau2 Egger p
Mean differences 46.67  < 0.001 70.0 0.062 0.29 0.860
Reliability analysis (ICC values) 512.5  < 0.001 96.5 0.397 4.61 0.156
Validity analysis (r values) 959.2  < 0.001 98.3 0.864 4.16 0.436

ICC intraclass correlation coefficients. Q Cochran Q statistic for homogeneity test, I2: the proportion of total variation caused by heterogeneity rather than within‐study sampling error (%), Tau2: the variance in true effect sizes observed in different studies, Egger: Egger’s regression test.