Table 2.

Targeting strategies of nanoformulations to renal cells.

S No.	Targeting types	Targeting mechanisms/strategies	Outcomes	References
1	Active	VCAM-1 and E-selectin specific antibodies	Selective delivery of siRNA to inflamed cells with amphiphile-modified liposomes	(62)
2	Active	Anti-VCAM-1 antibody	Targeted delivery to TNF-α activated podocytes	(63)
3	Passive	Ultrasound-mediated targeting	Directed delivery to target region	(64, 66)
4	Active	Kidney-targeted peptide	Kidney-specific distribution	(67)
5	Active	Interaction of glucose-ligand with GLUT1 receptor	Preferential renal distribution	(68)
6	Active	Megalin-mediated uptake of polymeric nanoparticles	Kidney-specific delivery of loaded cargo	(76, 80)
7	Active	Mannose or transferrin targeted delivery	Mesangium-specific delivery of siRNA	(78)
8	Passive	Brij-functionalized polymeric nanocarriers	Improved permeability	(87)
9	Passive	pH and glucose responsive delivery	Reduction of blood glucose to ameliorate DN	(88)
10	Passive	Size-dependent retention in mesangium	Amelioration of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis	(94)
11	Active	Peptide fragments of human serum albumin	Improved renal delivery of triplotide	(96)
12	Active	Neonatal Fc receptors targeted delivery	Specific absorption by podocytes	(98)
13	Passive	Photo-thermal nanoparticles	Improved distribution to mesangia0l cells	(99)
14	Passive and active	Anti-LOX-1, PEG-coated SPIONs	Detection, Characterization, and monitoring of early DN	(51)
15	Active	Anti-TLR4 and anti-AR antibody-tagged QDs	Fast, accurate detection	(55)