Table 1. Participant Demographic Characteristic for the 3 Groups.
| Characteristic | Mean (SD) | Simple estimates by lma | 3-Group comparison | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control (n = 26) | FAE (n = 18) | FAS (n = 22) | Control vs FAE | Control vs FAS | χ2 | P value | |||
| t | P value | t | P value | ||||||
| Age at MRI1, y | |||||||||
| Male | 21.3 (6.8) | 22.8 (6.2) | 21.3 (6.8) | 0.63 | .53 | −0.05 | .96 | NA | NA |
| Female | 19.1 (5.6) | 19.4 (5.8) | 19.1 (5.6) | ||||||
| Total | 20.2 (6.1) | 21.3 (6.1) | 20.1 (4.7) | ||||||
| Age at MRI2, y | |||||||||
| Male | 43.4 (8.0) | 45.4 (6.8) | 41.2 (6.3) | 0.58 | .57 | −0.49 | .63 | NA | NA |
| Female | 40.4 (6.2) | 40.1 (5.8) | 40.7 (5.3) | ||||||
| Total | 41.9 (7.2) | 43.1 (6.7) | 41.0 (5.8) | ||||||
| Race, No. (%) | |||||||||
| African American | 1 (4) | 1 (6) | 2 (9) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.714 | .79 |
| American Indian or Alaskan Native | 4 (1) | 5 (28) | 4 (18) | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| White | 21 (81) | 12 (67) | 16 (73) | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| Handedness, No. | |||||||||
| Right | 25 | 15 | 14b | NA | NA | NA | NA | 7.186 | .03a |
| Left | 1 | 3 | 7 | ||||||
| BMI at MRI 2 | 27.4 (5.2) | 31.2 (7.7)b | 27.3 (6.8) | 1.92 | .06 | −0.06 | .95 | NA | NA |
| Education at MRI1, y | 12.0 (2.7) | 11.1 (1.9) | 10.3 (2.2) | −1.26 | .21 | −2.43 | .02 | NA | NA |
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale at MRI1 | |||||||||
| Verbal IQ prorated | 112.0 (10.6) | 89.1 (11.5) | 82.2 (11.4)b | −6.73 | <.001 | −9.13 | <.001 | NA | NA |
| Performance IQ | 113.1 (14.5) | 93.8 (15.8) | 88.8 (14.9)b | −4.21 | <.001 | −5.53 | <.001 | NA | NA |
| Full Scale IQ prorated | 113.8 (12.9) | 90.4 (12.0) | 83.7 (12.9)b | −6.03 | <.001 | −8.10 | <.001 | NA | NA |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); FAE, fetal alcohol effects; FAS, fetal alcohol syndrome; IQ, intelligence quotient; lm, linear model; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NA, not applicable.
a
Control vs FAE: χ2 = 2.115; P = .15; control vs FAS: χ2 = 7.152; P = .008; FAE vs FAS: χ2 = 1.412; P = .24.
b
Missing data for 1 participant.