Table 1.
Patient- and clinician-level descriptive variables.
| Variables | Mean (SD) | Range | n (%) | ||
| Patient-level variables (N=1410) | |||||
|
|
Outcomes | ||||
|
|
|
Percentage of no-shows | 24.3 (23.7) | 0-100 |
|
|
|
|
Discharged or transferred with staff approval |
|
|
827 (58.7) |
|
|
Virtual IOPa (vs in-person) |
|
|
1018 (72.2) | |
|
|
“Stepped down” to IOP (vs “stepped in”) |
|
|
728 (51.6) | |
|
|
Multiple substance use disorders |
|
|
512 (36.3) | |
|
|
Substance use disorder (primary) | ||||
|
|
|
Alcohol |
|
|
1200 (85.1) |
|
|
|
Cannabis |
|
|
319 (22.6) |
|
|
|
Opioid |
|
|
188 (13.3) |
|
|
|
Sedative |
|
|
158 (11.2) |
|
|
|
Cocaine |
|
|
130 (9.2) |
|
|
|
Hallucinogen |
|
|
8 (0.6) |
|
|
|
Other stimulants |
|
|
172 (12.2) |
|
|
|
Other psychoactive |
|
|
23 (1.6) |
|
|
Study month | 10.8 (3.5) | 1-18 |
|
|
|
|
Sexb (male=1) |
|
|
891 (63.2) | |
|
|
Unemployed (vs other) |
|
|
334 (23.7) | |
|
|
Educational attainment | ||||
|
|
|
Some college or less |
|
|
453 (32.1) |
|
|
|
College degree or more |
|
|
554 (39.3) |
|
|
|
Missing |
|
|
304 (28.6) |
|
|
Marital status | ||||
|
|
|
Married |
|
|
594 (42.1) |
|
|
|
Single |
|
|
575 (40.8) |
|
|
|
Divorced or widowed |
|
|
199 (14.1) |
|
|
|
Cohabitation or life partner |
|
|
42 (3) |
|
|
Race or ethnicity | ||||
|
|
|
Non-Hispanic White |
|
|
1263 (89.6) |
|
|
|
Hispanic |
|
|
63 (4.5) |
|
|
|
Non-Hispanic another or multiple |
|
|
85 (6) |
|
|
Patient age | 40.0 (12.6) | 18-81 |
|
|
| Clinician-level variables (N=58) | |||||
|
|
Prefer virtual format (vs other) |
|
|
8 (13.8) | |
|
|
Patient load | 31.1 (18.9) | 1-78 |
|
|
|
|
Empathy scale | ||||
|
|
|
Perspective taking | 3.1 (0.5) | 2-4 |
|
|
|
|
Empathic concern | 3.2 (0.5) | 2-4 |
|
|
|
|
Personal distress | 0.9 (0.6) | 0-2.4 |
|
|
|
Technology comfort scale | 3.7 (0.7) | 1.9-4.9 |
|
|
|
|
Stress index | 14.2 (6.0) | 1-30 |
|
|
|
|
Resistance to change scale | 2.6 (0.7) | 1.1-3.9 |
|
|
|
|
Years with license | 7.0 (5.9) | 0-37 |
|
|
|
|
Clinician ageb | 3.3 (1.3) | 1-6 |
|
|
|
|
Gender identity (female=1) |
|
|
36 (62) | |
|
|
Race or ethnicity (White=1) |
|
|
54 (93.1) | |
aIOP: intensive outpatient program.
bClinician age is measured categorically (1: 18-25, 2: 26-35, 3: 36-45, 4: 46-55, 5: 56-65, and 6: 65+ years).