Table 3.
Summary of HNK-Loaded Polymeric Micelles
| Copolymer | Combined Therapy/Targeting Moiety | Preparation Methods | Physicochemical Properties | Cells | Animal Models | Main Results | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MPEG-PCL | None | Direct dissolution method assisted by ultrasound | PS: ~31.16 nm; EE: ~65.40%; DL: ~20.74% | A2780s; HEK293; L929 | NA | Sustained drug release | [93] |
| None | Solvent evaporation method | PS: ~30.8 nm; ZP: ~−5.46 mV; EE: ~64% | ARPE-19 | NA | Sustained drug release; downregulation of HIF and VEGF | [94] | |
| None | Self-assembly method | PS: ~35.7 nm; ZP: ~−3.3 mV; EE: ~96.1%; DL: ~19.22% | UMR106 | UMR106 tumor-bearing mice | Sustained drug release; enhanced antitumor efficiency | [95] | |
| Co-delivery: DOX | Self-assembly method | PS: 34 nm; ZP: −2.3mV; EE: 99.8%; DL: 5%; | U87; C6 | C6 tumor-bearing mice; U87 xenograft tumor-bearing zebrafish | Sustained drug release; synergistic antitumor effect | [96] | |
| Co-delivery: PTX | Solid dispersion method | PS: ~28.7 nm; ZP: ~−1.42 mV; EE: ~98.2%; DL: ~9.4% | 4T1; HEK 293 | 4T1 tumor-bearing mice | Sustained drug release; increased tumor accumulation; synergistic antitumor effect | [29] | |
| mPEG-PLA | Co-delivery: sirolimus | Thin-film dispersion method | PS: ~60.4 nm; EE: ~84.3%; DL: ~8.5% | Caco-2 | NA | Improved oral transport of sirolimus; inhibited P-gp | [97] |
| Co-treatment: CXB | Thin film dispersion method | PS: ~33.81 nm; ZP: ~−13.50 mV; EE: ~96.47%; DL: ~8.77% | 4T1 | 4T1 tumor-bearing mice | Sustained drug release; improved antitumor effect | [98] | |
| PEOz-PLA | Co-delivery: PTX | Film-hydration method | PS: ~44.12 nm; EE: ~79.6%; DL: ~3.6% | MCF-7/ADR; MDA-MB-231; MDA-MB-231-luc-GFP | MDA-MB-231-luc-GFP xenograft tumor-bearing mice | pH-sensitive drug release; inhibited multidrug resistance and metastasis | [99] |
| Co-delivery: DOX | Film hydration method | PS: ~20.86 nm; EE: ~57.90%; DL: ~6.64% | MDA-MB-231; MDA-MB-231-luc-GFP | MDA-MB-231-luc-GFP xenograft tumor-bearing mice | pH-sensitive drug release; inhibited tumor growth and metastasis | [100] | |
| Pluronic F-127 | None | Emulsion-solvent evaporation method | PS: ~37.92 nm; ZP: ~1.98 mV; EE: ~92.30%; DL: ~8.45% | NA | NA | Improved pharmacokinetic parameters; sustained drug release; increased solubility | [101] |
| NA | Emulsion-solvent evaporation method | PS: ~38.89 nm; ZP: ~13.43 mV; EE: ~87.54%; DL: ~12.51%; | 16HBE; L-02 | NA | Sustained release; increased solubility; improved pharmacokinetic parameters | [102] | |
| Targeting moiety: biotin | Dialysis method | PS: ~210.9 nm; ZP: ~12.9 mV; EE: ~70.79%; DL: ~9.70% | B16 | NA | Sustained drug release; targeted delivery; higher cytotoxicity | [103] | |
| PECE | None | Direct dissolution method assisted by ultrasound | PS: 58 nm; ZP: −0.4 mV; DL: 6.7% | A549; HEK293; CT26 | NA | Sustained drug release; increased solubility | [104] |
| PCEC | None | Direct dissolution method assisted by ultrasonication | PS: 61 nm; ZP: −0.502 mV; EE: 50%; DL: 4.8% | A549 | NA | Sustained drug release | [105] |
| PCL-b-PEG | None | Direct dissolution method assisted by ultrasound | PS: 40 nm; ZP: 8.36 mV; EE: 16.01%; DL: 7.41% | A549; CT26 | NA | Sustained drug release; increased water solubility | [106] |
| MPEG | None | Thin-film hydration, followed by extrusion method | PS: 9.21 nm; ZP: −6.20 mV | LL/2 | NA | Enhanced solubility | [107] |
| TPGS | None | Thin-film hydration method | PS: 36 nm; ZP: −34.31 mV; EE: 91.5% | MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-453; MDA-MB-468; Caco-2 | Orthotopic MDA-MB-231 xenograft tumor-bearing mice | Increased oral bioavailability; enhanced antitumor effect | [108] |
| Rebaudioside A | None | Thin-film hydration method | PS: ~4.356 nm; ZP: ~−3.39 mV; EE: 65.7−97.8% | HuH-7H22; H22 | H22 tumor-bearing mice | Improved oral bioavailability; enhanced antitumor effect | [109] |
| Dextran | Co-delivery: PTX | Dialysis method | PS: 100–120 nm; ZP: −15 to −20 mV; DL: ~1.01% | Hep-2 | Hep-2 xenograft tumor-bearing mice | GSH/ROS dual responsive drug release; synergistic antitumor effect | [110] |
| Lecithin, sodium, deoxycholate | Co-delivery: magnolol | Thin film dispersion method | PS: ~118.4 nm; ZP: ~−63.7 mV; EE: 96.41%; DL: 44.42% | NA | NA | Improved solubility and oral bioavailability | [111] |
| Soluplus, TPGS1000, DSPE-PEG2000-DQA | Co-delivery: PTX; targeting moiety: DQA | Film dispersion method | PS: ~91.22 nm; EE: ~89.75% | LLT | LLT tumor-bearing mice | Suppressed VM channels and tumor metastasis; synergistic antitumor effect | [112] |
| HA-deoxycholic acid copolymer | Co-delivery: Gem-C12; targeting moiety: HA | Thin film dispersion method | PS: 53.36 nm; ZP: −37.6 mV; EE: ~86.3%; DL: 2.8% | U87; B16F10; HK2 | U87 xenograft tumor-bearing mice | Tumor targeting; enhanced antitumor effect | [113] |
Abbreviations: PTX, paclitaxel; HIF, hypoxia inducible factor; CXB, celecoxib; PECE, poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(ε-caprolactone)–poly(ethylene glycol); DQA, dequalinium; Gem-C12, lauroyl-gemcitabine; ROS, reactive oxygen species.