Table 3. The summary characteristics of the included studies.
| Author | Year, Country | Subject | Population | Data collection method | Analytic approach |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lysdahl et al (32) | 2009, Norway | Etiology of over-imaging | radiologists | Questionnaire method | Descriptive analyses |
| Palesh et al (1) | 2010, Iran | Overuse of MRI | Policymakers in different positions | qualitative explorative study | Framework approach |
| McKay et al (33) | 2011, Canada | Antibiotic overuse and resistance | Children, students, and their parents And health care professionals |
Action research | McNemar test |
| Dew et al (34) | 2014, New Zealand | Moral responsibility in antibiotic use | Households | Ethnography | inductive process |
| Sanchez et al (35) | 2014, USA | Appropriate selection of antibiotic | Physicians, nurse practitioners, and physicians assistants | KAP study | in-depth analyses of themes |
| Zargar Balaye Jame et al (10) | 2014, Iran | Inappropriate use of MRI | patients | questionnaire | Statistical analyses |
| Kazemian et al (36) | 2015, Switzerland | Ethical perspective | dentists | vignette describing | one-way variance analysis |
| Moynihan et al (37) | 2015, Australia | Mean of overdiagnosis | Australian adults | Content analysis and telephone survey | constant comparison method |
| Cabral et al (38) | 2015, England | Overuse of antibiotic | Parents, general practitioners, and nurse practitioners | cross-study analysis | inductive approach |
| Broom et al (39) | 2015, Australia | Misuse of antibiotic | Australian pharmacists | phenomenology | inductive approach |
| Car et al (40) | 2016, England | Medication error | primary care clinicians | novel priority-setting method and content analysis | Open coding |
| Zhang et al (41) | 2016, China | Antibiotic resistance | Village doctors | KAP study | thematic analysis technique |
| Zikmund-Fisher et al (42) | 2016, USA | Choosing wisely | Primary care providers | Email survey | Statistical analyses |
| Hensher et al (43) | 2017,- | Economic perspectives | - | novel synthesis | review |
| DuBois et al (44) | 2017, USA | Legal consequences | - | mixed-methods design | two-step cluster analysis |
| Lyu et al (20) | 2017, USA | Etiology and approach to overtreatment | All doctors in AMA | Online survey | Statistical analyses |
| Okpala et al (45) | 2018, USA | reduce healthcare costs | - | grounded theory | open-coding approach |
| Martin et al (46) | 2018, USA | Ethical issues in overuse | Lay persons, patients, and physicians | qualitative analysis of comments | Content analysis |
| Stol et al (47) | 2018, the Netherlands | Health screening | Lay people | focus groups | Bottom-up coding |
| Opdal et al (48) | 2019, Norway | Prevent over-testing | General physicians | Interview and focus group | critical incident technique |
| Parchman et al (49) | 2020, USA | Engaging providers to address overuse | Clinicians | Action research | Identifying themes and triangulating |
| Verkerk et al (50) | 2021, USA, Canada, the Netherlands | Reduce low-value care | Experts on low-value care | Semi-structures interview | Inductive thematic analysis |