Fig. 3. c-di-GMP interferes with H-NS binding to DNA in Salmonella.
a–d EMSAs for H-NS binding to promoters of clpV (a), vgrG (b), fimA (c) or yaiU (d) in the absence or presence of nucleotides. Nucleotides were added simultaneously with H-NS to the reaction system. Gels shown are representative of three independent experiments with similar results. e Binding of H-NS for its target gene promoters in the absence (−) or presence (+) of c-di-GMP. The binding affinity was measured by ITC, and the Kd values were presented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments. f, g ChIP-qPCR quantifying binding of FLAG-H-NS at the promoters of the indicated genes in wild-type (WT) S. Typhimurium stimulated by L-arginine or bile salts (f) or its derivatives overexpressing adrA or STM3611 (g). The ChIP-qPCR signals were normalized to their respective DNA inputs. Data are mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Statistical significance was evaluated using a two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test and p < 0.05 indicate significant differences. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.