Fig. 1. NINJ1 regulates plasma membrane permeabilization during secondary necrosis, ferroptosis, parthanatos, cuproptosis and H₂O₂-induced necrosis, but not necroptosis.

Wild-type and Ninj1 KO MEFs (A–L, Q–S) and RAW264.7 murine macrophage-like cells (M–P, T, U) were stimulated with the indicated compounds. PMP was either measured in function of time by Sytox Green positivity (A, C, E, G, I, K, M–Q, S–U) or at the indicated timepoint by LDH release (B, D, F, H, J, L, R). Data in the graphs are presented as mean ± SEM of independent experiments (n = 3). Statistical significance was determined by two-way ANOVA for Sytox Green positivity or by an unpaired two-tailed T test for LDH release. *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001, ****P ≤ 0.0001.