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. 2023 Nov 18;13:20218. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-47528-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Differences between the treatment and control sites before and after interventions for DOC (a and f), TDN (b and g), TP (c and h), THg (d and i) and TSS (e and j). The difference was computed as treatment minus control, thus positive values indicate that the solute is greater at the treatment site than at the control site, while negative values indicate the opposite. Black circles represent individual data points **denotes significant difference (p < 0.01) between treatments and *denotes significant difference (p < 0.05) between treatments, “n.s.” denotes no significant difference (p > 0.05) between treatments. Red dotted line denotes the control zero reference. Solid line in box plots is the median value, box extents are the interquartile range (IQR) and whiskers show the 1.5IQR value. Note that the scales for the y-axes show different magnitudes of concentrations.