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. 2023 Nov 18;23:1127. doi: 10.1186/s12885-023-11605-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Conceptual model for the CISTO Study. The CISTO Study design is informed by a conceptual model of the relationship between bladder-sparing therapies (BST) and radical cystectomy and the planned patient-centered outcomes. Since the decision to select BST or radical cystectomy may relate to patient factors, we aim to assess patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and clinical outcomes across the following patient characteristics: age, gender, race, burden of comorbid health conditions, cancer severity, caregiver status, social determinants of health (SDH), and rurality. Treatment outcomes may also vary by patient preferences, health literacy, and baseline quality of life (QOL)