Figure 1.

Substrate oxidation in skeletal muscle of adolescent offspring. Average group oxygen flux (JO₂) (pmol/s * mg) was measured in PMFB with or without lipid (palmitoylcarnitine [LIP]) and normalized to tissue wet weight in soleus (orange, A–F) or gastroc (blue, H–M). In soleus, rate was measured in the presence of saturating ADP with serial additions of palmitoylcarnitine and malate (A), pyruvate (PYR) (B), glutamate for CI OXPHOS capacity (C), and succinate for maximal CI+CII OXPHOS capacity (D). Respiration rate without lipid was measured in the presence of saturating ADP after titrations of pyruvate and malate (E) and glutamate and succinate CI+CII OXPHOS capacity (F). These measures were repeated, in the same order as above, in the gastroc (blue, H–M). Citrate synthase (CS) activity (µmol/min * g) is shown in soleus (G) and gastroc (N). Respiratory flux and citrate synthase activity were analyzed with two-way ANOVA with Sidak multiple comparisons. P values for significant main effects of m or pw diet are listed above each graph. For post hoc analysis, carets (^∧P < 0.05, ^∧∧P < 0.01, ^∧∧∧P < 0.001) indicate significant differences by m diet within the same pw diet group; asterisks (*P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001) indicate significant differences by pw diet within the same m diet group. Individual data points with group mean and SEM (A–F and H–M) or with the minimum, maximum, and median and interquartile range (G and N) are shown. M offspring are indicated by circles and F offspring by triangles. Sample size for each group by sex: mCD/pwCD, 5–6 F/4 M; mCD/pwWD, 2 F/4 M; mWD/pwCD, 3 F/5–6 M; mWD/pwWD, 4–5 F/4 M.