Effects of various factors on the synthesis of 4a^a.

Entry	Nanocatalyst (g)	Conditions	Solvent (3 mL)	Time (min)	Yieldb (%)
1	—	Grinding, r.t.	—	30	Trace
2	—	80 °C	—	180	Trace
3	0.005	Grinding, r.t.	—	30	25
4	0.007	Grinding, r.t.	—	30	32
5	0.01	Grinding, r.t.	—	20	37
6	0.03	Grinding, r.t.	—	20	45
7	0.05	Grinding, r.t.	—	20	91
8	0.07	Grinding, r.t.	—	15	95
9	0.09	Grinding, r.t.	—	15	90
10	0.1	Grinding, r.t.	—	15	88
11	0.07	Reflux	EtOH	4 h	55
12	0.07	Reflux	EtOH/H2O (1 : 1)	3 h	60
13	0.07	Reflux	H2O	7 h	20
14	0.07	Reflux	Toluene	5 h	30
15	0.07	Reflux	Chloroform	5 h	12

^aReaction conditions: benzaldehyde (1 mmol), dimedone (1 mmol), malononitrile (1 mmol), catalysts, under different conditions.

^bIsolated pure yield.