Table 3.
Changes in adipokines and inflammatory markers of HIIT, MICT, and control groups.
| Variable | Pre-intervention (mean ± SD) | Post-intervention (mean ± SD) | p | Change |
Between-group differences |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marginal means | 95% confidence interval | p | Effect size | ||||
| Adiponectin (μg/mL) | |||||||
| CON | 2.54 ± 0.51 | 2.33 ± 0.63 | 0.241 | –0.20 | –0.57 to 0.16 | 0.855 | 0.012 |
| MICT | 2.40 ± 0.53 | 2.29 ± 0.57 | 0.548 | –0.10 | –0.47 to 0.27 | ||
| HIIT | 2.32 ± 0.49 | 2.32 ± 0.30 | 0.994 | 0.01 | –0.28 to 0.28 | ||
| Leptin (μg/mL) | |||||||
| CON | 66.79 ± 13.40 | 73.03 ± 18.62 | 0.156 | 6.23 | –2.86 to 15.34 | 0.487 | 0.054 |
| MICT | 70.29 ± 18.80 | 68.62 ± 13.71 | 0.825 | –1.67 | –18.28 to 14.95 | ||
| HIIT | 68.74 ± 13.25 | 75.24 ± 15.29 | 0.057 | 6.49 | –0.23 to 13.22 | ||
| SOCS3 (pg/mL) | |||||||
| CON | 0.95 ± 0.20 | 0.86 ±0.18 | 0.125 | –0.094 | –0.21 to 0.03 | 0.001$ | 0.154† |
| MICT | 0.79 ± 0.21 | 0.92 ± 0.23 | 0.147 | 0.13 | –0.05 to 0.31 | ||
| HIIT | 0.75 ± 0.30 | 0.84 ± 0.33 | 0.032⁎ | 0.09 | 0.01 to 0.17 | ||
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | |||||||
| CON | 30.19 ± 1.81 | 31.91 ± 6.31 | 0.454 | 1.72 | –3.25 to 6.70 | 0.498 | 0.052 |
| MICT | 31.13 ± 3.45 | 32.30 ± 3.02 | 0.178 | 1.17 | –0.64 to 2.98 | ||
| HIIT | 29.71 ± 1.37 | 29.83 ± 1.59 | 0.805 | 0.12 | –1.00 to 1.26 | ||
| IL-10 (pg/mL) | |||||||
| CON | 180.59 ± 14.08 | 186.8 ± 17.86 | 0.394 | 6.24 | –9.53 to 22.03 | 0.913 | 0.007 |
| MICT | 191.77 ± 30.58 | 193.7 ± 41.8 | 0.825 | 1.93 | –17.34 to 21.21 | ||
| HIIT | 176.97 ± 10.02 | 185.7 ± 18.6 | 0.114 | 8.75 | –2.54 to 20.05 | ||
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | |||||||
| CON | 156.1 ± 53.50 | 173.0 ± 62.0 | 0.189 | 16.87 | –9.99 to 43.75 | 0.837 | 0.014 |
| MICT | 205.6 ± 108.6 | 229.9 ± 158.9 | 0.483 | 24.32 | –50.86 to 99.52 | ||
| HIIT | 161.6 ± 41.9 | 166.0 ± 41.6 | 0.500 | 4.47 | –9.19 to 18.86 | ||
| TNF-α/IL-10 | |||||||
| CON | 0.86 ± 0.29 | 0.91 ± 0.28 | 0.517 | 0.04 | –0.11 to 0.21 | 0.680 | 0.029 |
| MICT | 1.03 ± 0.36 | 1.10 ± 0.49 | 0.406 | 0.07 | –0.17 to 0.26 | ||
| HIIT | 0.90 ± 0.18 | 0.89 ± 0.22 | 0.771 | –0.01 | –0.15 to 0.88 | ||
Note: The data in bold are to show those that are significant.
⁎
p ˂ 0.05 compared with pre-intervention.
$
p ˂ 0.05 denotes significant differences between groups
†
denotes significant effect size.
Abbreviations: CON = control; HIIT = high-intensity interval training; IL-6 = interleukin-6; IL-10 = interleukin-10; MICT = moderate-intensity continuous training; SOCS3 = suppressor of cytokine signaling 3; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor-α.