Table 2.
Characteristics of the cohort
| Characteristics | Entire cohort (N = 314) | DI-AKI (n = 271) | Not DI-AKI (n = 43) | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, yrs, median (IQR) | 55 (31) | 55 (31) | 61 (32) | 0.09 |
| Race, Caucasian, n (%) | 174 (54) | 142 (52) | 33 (74) | 0.13 |
| Male, n (%) | 160 (51) | 139 (51) | 21 (49) | 0.87 |
| BSA, m2, median (IQR) | 1.91 (0.28) | 1.91 (0.30) | 1.91 (0.34) | 0.54 |
| ICU admission at AKI onset, n (%) | 76 (24.2) | 58 (21.4) | 18 (41.9) | <0.01 |
| Baseline eGFR, category, n (%)a | 0.40 | |||
| >90 ml/min | 176 (56.1) | 156 (57.6) | 20 (46.5) | |
| 60–89 ml/min | 67 (21.3) | 59 (21.8) | 8 (18.6) | |
| 45–59 ml/min | 40 (12.7) | 33 (12.2) | 7 (16.3) | |
| 30–44 ml/min | 19 (6.1) | 15 (5.5) | 4 (9.3) | |
| 15–29 ml/min | 12 (3.8) | 8 (3.0) | 4 (9.3) | |
| Past Medical History, n (%) | ||||
| Congestive heart failure | 36 (11.5) | 30 (11.1) | 6 (14) | 0.61 |
| CAD | 36 (11.5) | 30 (11.1) | 6 (14) | 0.61 |
| CKD | 61 (19.4) | 52 (19.2) | 9 (20.9) | 0.84 |
| COPD | 32 (10.2) | 30 (11.1) | 2 (5) | 0.28 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 96 (30.6) | 89 (32.8) | 7 (16) | 0.03 |
| Hypertension | 140 (44.6) | 120 (44.3) | 20 (47) | 0.87 |
| Leukemia or lymphoma | 19 (6.1) | 18 (6.6) | 1 (2) | 0.49 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 26 (8.3) | 21 (7.7) | 5 (12) | 0.38 |
| Malignancy–chemotherapy | 27 (8.6) | 22 (8.1) | 5 (12) | 0.40 |
| Nephrotoxic drugs exposure, n (%) | ||||
| Number of candidate nephrotoxic drugs, mean (SD) | 1.5 (0.67) | 1.5 (0.68) | 1.4 (0.63) | 0.24 |
| Vancomycin | 153 (48.7) | 143 (53.8) | 10 (23.3) | < 0.01 |
| NSAIDs | 57 (18.2) | 57 (21.0) | 0 (0) | < 0.01 |
| Piperacillin/tazobactam | 56 (17.8) | 49 (18.1) | 7 (16.3) | 0.99 |
| Cephalosporin antibiotics | 34 (10.8) | 23 (8.5) | 11 (25.6) | < 0.01 |
| Aminoglycoside antibiotics | 30 (9.6) | 29 (10.7) | 1 (2.33) | 0.10 |
| Proton pump inhibitors | 27 (8.6) | 19 (7.01) | 8 (18.6) | 0.20 |
| Fluoroquinolone antibiotics | 20 (6.4) | 15 (5.5) | 5 (11.6) | 0.17 |
| Other antibiotics | 15 (4.8) | 14 (5.2) | 1 (2.33) | 0.70 |
| Calcineurin inhibitor drugs | 13 (4.1) | 10 (3.7) | 3 (7.0) | 0.40 |
| Loop diuretics | 13 (4.1) | 6 (2.2) | 7 (16.3) | < 0.01 |
| Antiviral drugs | 10 (3.2) | 9 (3.3) | 1 (2.3) | 1.00 |
| Penicillin antibiotics | 10 (3.2) | 9 (3.3) | 1 (2.3) | 1.00 |
| Antineoplastic drugs | 10 (3.2) | 9 (3.3) | 1 (2.3) | 1.00 |
| Sulfonamide antibiotics | 8 (2.5) | 7 (2.6) | 1 (2.3) | 1.00 |
| Antifungal drugs | 7 (2.2) | 7 (2.6) | 0 (0) | 0.60 |
| β-lactam antibiotics | 7 (2.2) | 5 (1.9) | 2 (4.7) | 0.25 |
| Other drugs | 5 (1.6) | 4 (1.5) | 1 (2.3) | 0.52 |
| Antiepileptic drugs | 2 (0.6) | 2 (0.74) | 0 (0) | 1.00 |
| ARBs | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.3) | 0.14 |
| Carbapenem antibiotics | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 1.00 |
| Gout suppressant drugs | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 1.00 |
ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers; BSA, body surface area; CAD, coronary artery disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DI-AKI, drug-induced acute kidney injury; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ICU, intensive care unit; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.
a
eGFR was calculated using serum creatinine between 90 days to 12 months prior to hospital admission.21