FIGURE 5.

Challenges and opportunities for developing anti‐fibrotic therapeutics for intestinal and hepatic fibrosis. For intestinal fibrosis, the relationship between inflammation and fibrosis should be clarified for patient screening and a personalized therapeutic schedule should be provided. In addition, more than onethird of patients with inflammatory bowel disease experienced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease suggesting a close association between the two diseases, and which is likely influenced by the intestinal microbiome and gut barrier destruction. For hepatic fibrosis, various pathologic patterns pose great difficulty in developing anti‐hepatic fibrosis therapies. The narrowing of the liver sinusoidal fenestrae with fibrosis progression is a challenge currently complicating effective drug delivery. Effective therapies should have multiple targets at different stages. (BC, bacterial composition; BM, bacterial metabolites; BA, bile acid).