Figure 10.

Top and bottom panels, respectively: photographs and 2D-AMi spectra of two soundscapes recorded in a sub-alpine meadow surrounded by ponderosa pine, juniper and lodge pole pine trees, with a clear mountain stream bisecting the habitat) over a 1 single year (Location: Lincoln Meadow, Yuba Pass, California, USA; GPS: 39°35′29.26″N/120°30′02.53″W; Altitude: 2100 m; Weather: Clear/partly cloudy (27°C), before (Date: 06/88) and after (Date: 06/89) selective logging at dawn. A tree-cutting protocol called selective logging (i.e., taking out a tree every 20 m) was expected to have no negative impact on the environment. All sounds can be listened to from the recordings provided in the “Supplementary Material” section. Source: B. Krause, Wild Sanctuary. In the 1989 recording, modulation energy has dropped substantially in high audio-frequency channels and slow temporal-modulation channels, reflecting large changes in biophony. This is not visible on the two photographs taken at the same place and time.