Table 1.
Growth and nutritional requirements of select rumen-associated methanogens.
| Methanogen species (culture depository) | Strain designation, isolated from | Substrate(s) for CH4 production [growth factor(s)] | Cell wall types | Optimum pH, T (°C) | Doubling time (h), medium, substrate | Lifestyle (endosymbiont, ectosymbiont, syntrophs) | GenBank ID, Gold project ID, Gold analysis project ID, Hungate1000 collection number | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Methanobrevibacter spp. [SGMT and RO Clade (King et al., 2011)] | ||||||||
| Methanobrevibacter smithii (DSM 861, ATCC 35061) | PS, anaerobic sewage digester | H2 + CO2, formate [stimulatory – acetate] | PM | 6.9–7.4, 39 | 6.7, BRN, H2/CO2 (80:20) 12.7, BRN, formate (290 mM) | [potentially] ectosymbiont through the production of adhesin-like protein | GCA_000016525, Gp0000134, Ga0029348, NA | Balch et al. (1979), Rea et al. (2007), Samuel et al. (2007), and Ng et al. (2016) |
| Methanobrevibacter smithii (DSM 2374) | F1, human feces | H2 + CO2, formate [required – trypticase, yeast extract] | PM | ND | ND | NA | GCA_000151225, Gp0003674, Ga0029349, NA | Miller et al. (1982) |
| Methanobrevibacter smithii (DSM 2375) | ALI, human large intestine | NR [NR] | NR | ND | ND | NA | GCA_000151245, Gp0003638, Ga0029350, NA | Miller and Wolin (1981) and Miller et al. (1982) |
| Methanobrevibacter gottschalkii (DSM 11977) | HO, horse feces | H2 + CO2 [required – acetate, yeast extract, trypticase peptone] | PM | 7.0, 37 | ND | [potentially] ectosymbiont through the production of adhesin-like protein | GCA_003814835, Gp0290545, Ga0244664, NonHun83 | Miller and Lin (2002) and Ng et al. (2016) |
| Methanobrevibacter gottschalkii (DSM 11978) | PG, pig feces | H2 + CO2 [NR] | PM | NR | ND | NA | GCA_900109595, Gp0127403, Ga0104357, HUN396 | Lin and Miller (1998) |
| Methanobrevibacter millerae (DSM 16643) | ZA-10, bovine rumen | H2 + CO2, formate [required – acetate, yeast extract, trypticase peptone] [stimulatory – valerate, isovalerate, 2-methylbutyrate, isobutyrate] | PM | 7.0–8.0, 39 | 5.4, BRN, H2/CO2 (80:20) 14.6, BRN, formate (150 mM) | [potentially] ectosymbiont through the production of adhesin-like protein | GCA_900103415, Gp0087971, Ga0007632, HUN273 | Rea et al. (2007) and Ng et al. (2016) |
| Methanobrevibacter millerae (NA) | SM9, sheep rumen | H2 + CO2, formate [required – acetate, yeast extract, trypticase peptone] | PM | ND | ND | [potentially] ectosymbiont through the production of adhesin-like protein | GCA_001477655, Gp0007703, Ga0104112, NonHun84 | Kelly et al. (2016c) and Ng et al. (2016) |
| Methanobrevibacter thaurei (DSM 11995) | CW, cattle feces | H2 + CO2 [required – acetate, yeast extract, trypticase peptone] | PM | 7.0, 37 | ND | [potentially] ectosymbiont through the production of adhesin-like protein | GCA_003111625, Gp0113775, Ga0074444, NonHun89 | Miller and Lin (2002) and Ng et al. (2016) |
| Methanobrevibacter ruminantium (DSM 1093, ATCC 35063) | M1, cattle rumen | H2 + CO2, formate [required – acetate, 2-methylbutyrate, amino acids (most stimulating T, H, M), coenzyme M] | PM | 6.3–6.8, 39 | 16.8, BRN, H2/CO2 (80:20)29.4, BRN, formate (150 mM) | Ectosymbiont of protozoa of genera Epidinium and Endodinium, and with H2-producing bacteria Butyrivibrio proclasticus through the production of an adhesin-like protein | GCA_000024185, Gp0002311, Ga0029347, NonHun86 | Bryant et al. (1971), Balch and Wolfe (1976), Balch et al. (1979), Rea et al. (2007), Leahy et al. (2010), and Ng et al. (2016) |
| Methanobrevibacter olleyae (DSM 16632) | KM1H5-1P, sheep rumen | H2 + CO2, formate [required – acetate] | PM | 7.5, 39 | 14.5, BRN, H2/CO2 (80:20)15.3, BRN, formate (220 mM) | [potentially] ectosymbiont through the production of adhesin-like protein | GCA_900114585, Gp0087972, Ga0007633, HUN274 | Rea et al. (2007) and Ng et al. (2016) |
| Methanobrevibacter boviskoreani (DSM 25824) | JH1, cattle rumen | H2 + CO2, formate [required – yeast extract, coenzyme M, and fatty acids (valerate, isovalerate, 2-methylbutyrate, isobutyrate)] | PM | 6.5–7.0, 37–40 | ND | NA | GCA_000320505, Gp0035818, Ga0021326, NonHun82 | Lee et al. (2013) |
| Methanobrevibacter woesei (DSM 11979) | GS, goose feces | H2 + CO2, formate [required – acetate, yeast extract, trypticase peptone] | PM | 7.0, 37 | ND | NA | GCA_003111605, Gp0113776, Ga0074445, NonHun90 | Miller and Lin (2002) |
| Methanobrevibacter wolinii (DSM 11976) | SH, sheep feces | H2 + CO2 [required – acetate, yeast extract, trypticase peptone, coenzyme M, and fatty acids (valerate, isovalerate, 2-methylbutyrate, isobutyrate)] | PM | 7.0, 37 | ND | NA | GCA_000621965, Gp0047017, Ga0005592, HUN166 | Miller and Lin (2002) |
| Methanosphaera spp. | ||||||||
| Methanosphaera stadtmanae (DSM 3091, ATCC 43021) | MCB-3, human feces | H2 + methanol [required – acetate, amino acids (L, I), thiamin] [stimulatory – biotin] | PM | 6.5–6.9, 36–40 | ND | [potentially] ectosymbiont through the production of adhesin-like protein | GCA_000012545, Gp0000406, Ga0029374, NA | Miller and Wolin (1985) and Ng et al. (2016) |
| Methanosphaera stadtmanae (NA) | ISO3-F5, sheep rumen | H2 + methanol [required – acetate, yeast extract] [stimulatory – fatty acids (valerate, isovalerate, 2-methylbutyrate, butyrate, isobutyrate, propionate)] | PM | 6.7–6.8, 39 | ND | NA | NA | Jeyanathan (2010) |
| Methanosphaera stadtmanae (NA) | BMS, bovine rumen | H2 + methanol [required –yeast extract, casein hydrolysate, rumen fluid] | PM | 6.7, 37 | ND | NA | GCA_003268005, Gp0119560, Ga0105677, NA | Hoedt et al. (2018) |
| Methanomicrobium spp. | ||||||||
| Methanomicrobium mobile (DSM 1539, ATCC 35094) | BP, cattle rumen | H2 + CO2, formate [required – yeast extract or vitamin-free casamino acid, acetate, isovalerate, 2-methylbutyrate, isobutyrate, indole, pyridoxine, thiamine, biotin, cobalamin, PABA, boiled cell extract of Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus, coenzyme B] | RS-layer | 6.1–6.9, 40 | ND | Found in association with protozoa of genera Entodinium, Metadinium, and Ophryoscolex | GCA_000711215, Gp0047018, Ga0005617, HUN195 | Paynter and Hungate (1968), Balch et al. (1979), Tanner and Wolfe (1988), Kuhner et al. (1991), Sprott and Beveridge (1993), Regensbogenova et al. (2004), and Seshadri et al. (2018) |
| Methanobacterium spp. | ||||||||
| Methanobacterium bryantii (DSM 863, ATCC 33272) | M.o.H., anaerobic sewage digester | H2 + CO2 [stimulatory – acetate, cysteine, and B-vitamins (most stimulating biotin, folate, cobalamin)] | PM | 6.9–7.2, 37–39 | ND | NA | GCA_002287175, Gp0322642, Ga0308562, NA | Bryant et al. (1971) and Balch et al. (1979) |
| Methanobacterium formicicum (NA) | BRM9, cow rumen | H2 + CO2, formate [required – yeast extract, rumen fluid] | PM | 6.5–7.0, 39 | 2.6, RF30, H2/CO2 (80:20) | NA | GCA_000762265, Gp0007264, Ga0069308, NonHun80 | Jarvis et al. (2000) and Kelly et al. (2014) |
| Methanosarcina spp. | ||||||||
| Methanosarcina barkeri (NA) | CM1, cow rumen | H2 + CO2, methanol, methylamine, trimethylamine, acetate [required – rumen fluid] | MC + S-layer | 6.5, 39 | 5.4, RF30, H2/CO2 (80:20) | NA | GCA_001027005, Gp0007672, Ga0077912, NonHun91 | Jarvis et al. (2000) |
| Methanosarcina thermophila (DSM 11855) | Ms97, sheep rumen | H2 + CO2, methanol, [required – yeast extract, rumen fluid] | MC + S-layer | 6.5–6.8, 50 | NA | NA | GCA_900116525, Gp0087973, Ga0007631, HUN272 | Seshadri et al. (2018) and Zhou et al. (2021) |
| Methanomassiliicoccaceae | ||||||||
| Methanomassiliicoccaceae Group 12 (NA) | ISO4-H5, sheep rumen | H2 + methanol/mono−/di−/trimethylamine [required – yeast extract, acetate, formate, rumen fluid, coenzyme M] | Bi-CM | NR, 38–39 | NA | NA | GCA_001560915, Gp0125684, Ga0114162, NonHun78 | Jeyanathan (2010) and Li et al. (2016) |
| Methanomassiliicoccaceae Group 11 (NA) | ISO4-G1, sheep rumen | H2 + methanol/mono−/di−/trimethylamine [required – yeast extract, acetate, formate, rumen fluid, coenzyme M] | Bi-CM | NR, 38–39 | NA | NA | GCA_001563305, Gp0139499, Ga0118695, NonHun77 | Jeyanathan (2010), Kelly et al. (2016a,b) |
| Methanogenic archaeon (NA) | ISO4-G11, sheep rumen | H2 + methanol [required – yeast extract, acetate, formate, rumen fluid, coenzyme M] | Bi-CM | NR, 38–39 | NA | NA | NA | Jeyanathan (2010) |
| Methanogenic archaeon (NA) | RumEn M1, cow rumen | H2 + trimethylamine [required – acetate, formate, rumen fluid] | Bi-CM | NR, 37 | NA | NA | LJKK00000000, NA, NA, NA | Söllinger et al. (2016) |
| Methanogenic archaeon (NA) | RumEn M2, cow rumen | H2 + trimethylamine [required – acetate, formate, rumen fluid] | Bi-CM | NR, 37 | NA | NA | LJKL00000000, NA, NA, NA | Söllinger et al. (2016) |
NA, not available; ND, not determined; NR, not reported; PM, pseudomurein; RS, regularly structured; MC, methanochondroitin; Bi-CM, thin bi-layer cell membrane. BRN media, not specified (Rea et al., 2007); RF30 media, rumen fluid-containing BY medium (Jeyanathan, 2010); [potentially], genome contains gene homologs of adhesin-like protein.