Fig. 1.

L-Lactate decreases the proliferation and differentiation of proinflammatory Th1 and Th17 cells. A–C Naïve CD4⁺ T cells from C57BL/6 mice were stained with CTV and differentiated into Th1 or Th17 cells. After 3 days of culture, relative expression of lactate receptor (HCAR1) and monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) were analyzed by qRT-PCR (A) and immunofluorescence (B, C). Proliferation (D, G) and differentiation of naïve CD4⁺ T cells into Th1 (H, I) or Th17 (J, K) cells cultured alone or in the presence of 10, 25 or 50 mM L-Lactate were measured by flow cytometry analysis. Results represent the mean ± SD of three independent experiments with four to six biological samples; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 (unpaired Kruskal–Wallis test). Unless otherwise indicated, comparisons were as compared to naïve CD4⁺ T cells for qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence or with non-treated Th1 or Th17 cells