Table 1.
Clinically relevant fungi, including rare molds, used to develop universal assay.
| Organism | Prevalence (US, Global) | Galacto- mannan Reactivity |
References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aspergillus fumigatus | Most common mold infection; Estimated 50k cases of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) per year in US alone; During COVID-19 10-15% of call COVID-19 patients in ICU; A. fumigatus listed as critical priority pathogen by WHO. | Yes | (Heldt et al. 2018; Jenks et al. 2021; Hoenigl, Seidel, Sprute, et al. 2022; ”WHO Fungal Priority Pathogens List to Guide Research, Development and Public Health Action” 2022a) https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296052-overview, May 2021 |
| Aspergillus flavus | Yes | ||
| Aspergillus terreus | Yes | ||
| Aspergillus nidulans | Yes | ||
| Aspergillus niger | Yes | ||
| Aspergillus versicolor | Yes | ||
| Candida albicans | Most common organism causing Candidemia and invasive Candidiasis; Estimated 700k cases per year of IC and candidemia; most common cuse of fungal endocarditis; Listed as critical priority pathogen by WHO. | No | (Hoenigl, Salmanton-García, et al. 2023; Pappas et al. 2018; ”WHO Fungal Priority Pathogens List to Guide Research, Development and Public Health Action” 2022a; Bongomin et al. 2017) (Thompson et al. 2023) |
| Candida glabrata (Nakaseomyces glabratus) (de Hoog et al. 2023) | Second most common organism causing Candidemia; Often resistant to azoles and sometimes also echinocandins; Listed as high priority pathogen by WHO list. | No | (Aigner et al. 2019; Pappas et al. 2018; Hoenigl, Salmanton-García, et al. 2023; ”WHO Fungal Priority Pathogens List to Guide Research, Development and Public Health Action” 2022b; Arendrup et al. 2023) |
| Candida parapsilosis | 3rd-4th most common organism causing Candidaemia; Recent emergence of outbreaks of fluconazole resistant strains; Listed as high priority pathogen by WHO. | No | (Daneshnia et al. 2023; Pappas et al. 2018) |
| Candida krusei (Pichia kudriavzevii) (de Hoog et al. 2023) | 5th-6th most common Candida spp. Causing candidemia; Often multiresistant. | No | (Hoenigl, Salmanton-García, et al. 2023; Pappas et al. 2018) |
| Candida auris | Emerging pathogen; multiresistant causing ICU outbreaks; Listed as critical priority pathogen by WHO. | No | (”WHO Fungal Priority Pathogens List to Guide Research, Development and Public Health Action” 2022b; Pappas et al. 2018) |
| Cryptococcus neoformans | Listed as critical priority pathogen in WHO list. | No | (”WHO Fungal Priority Pathogens List to Guide Research, Development and Public Health Action” 2022b) |
| Fusarium solani complex | Listed as high priority pathogen in WHO list; Third most common mold infection (after Aspergillosis and Mucormycosis); Incidence and prevalence of Fusarium spp. infections vary depending on the underlying disease and geographical region, reaching 20 per 1000 recipients of a allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in Brazil and the USA. Cause of 2022/2023 fungal meningitis outbreaks in Mexico. | Yes | (Tortorano et al. 2012; Hoenigl et al. 2021; Nucci et al. 2014; ”WHO Fungal Priority Pathogens List to Guide Research, Development and Public Health Action” 2022b); Hoenigl, Jenks, et al. 2023) |
| Lomentospora prolificans | Listed as a medium priority pathogen in WHO list. In the U.S. accounts for 6-35% of non-Aspergillus mold infections but prevalence and incidence largely unknown. | No | (Hoenigl et al. 2021; Jenks et al. 2020, 2018; Seidel et al. 2019) |
| Scedospoirum apiospermum | Listed as a medium priority pathogen in WHO list. In one U.S. study accounted for 11% of IMI and 19% of non-Aspergillus mold infections in SOT recipients. | No | (Hoenigl et al. 2021; Seidel et al. 2019) |
| Scopulariopsis spp. | Unknown | No | (Hoenigl et al. 2021) |
| Mucor circinelloides | Mucormycosis is the second- or third-most common mold infection; Worldwide occurrence; average annual incidence rate about 1/1 million population (although variable by geographic location and generally higher in eg India and Iran); Prevalence in India during COVID-19: 1.6% in COVID-19 ICU patients; Worldwide Mucor spp. and Rhizopus spp. are most common pathogens; Mucorales listed as high priority pathogen in WHO list. | No | (Cornely et al. 2019; Hoenigl, Seidel, Sprute, et al. 2022; ”WHO Fungal Priority Pathogens List to Guide Research, Development and Public Health Action” 2022b) |
| Mucor velutinosus | No | (Cornely et al. 2019) | |
| Mucor plumbeus | No | (Cornely et al. 2019) | |
| Rhizopus arrhizus | No | (Cornely et al. 2019; Hoenigl, Seidel, Sprute, et al. 2022) | |
| Rhizopus microsporus | No | (Cornely et al. 2019) |