Table 1.
Characteristics of Men and Women, Overall and by Sex-Specific Tertile of D3Cr muscle mass in the Study of Muscle Mobility and Aging (SOMMA)
| Men | Women | P-value,** men vs. women | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All men | Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | All women | Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | ||||
| < 24.1 kg | ≥24.1 to <29.0 kg | ≥29.0 kg | P-value* | <16.5 kg | ≥16.5 to <19.5 kg | ≥19.5 kg | P-value* | ||||
| (N= 345) | (N= 114) | (N= 115) | (N= 116) | (N= 482) | (N=160) | (N= 161) | (N= 161) | ||||
| Age, years | 76.3 ± 5.1 | 78.4 ± 6.1 | 75.8 ± 4.3 | 74.6 ± 3.6 | <.001 | 76.3 ± 4.9 | 78.3 ± 5.4 | 75.5 ± 4.2 | 75.3 ± 4.3 | <.001 | 0.832 |
| Race | 0.081 | <.001 | 0.004 | ||||||||
| White | 305 (88.4) | 105 (92.1) | 102 (88.7) | 98 (84.5) | 404 (83.8) | 148 (92.5) | 140 (87.0) | 116 (72.0) | |||
| Black | 29 (8.4) | 5 (4.4) | 10 (8.7) | 14 (12.1) | 72 (14.9) | 10 (6.3) | 19 (11.8) | 43 (26.7) | |||
| Other race | 11 (3.2) | 4 (3.5) | 3 (2.6) | 4 (3.4) | 6 (1.2) | 2 (1.3) | 2 (1.2) | 2 (1.2) | |||
| College education or greater | 302 (88.3) | 96 (86.5) | 104 (90.4) | 102 (87.9) | 0.748 | 410 (85.6) | 132 (83.0) | 141 (87.6) | 137 (86.2) | 0.425 | 0.259 |
| Smoking status | 0.753 | 0.904 | 0.502 | ||||||||
| Never | 187 (54.7) | 65 (58.6) | 52 (45.2) | 70 (60.3) | 278 (57.8) | 95 (59.7) | 88 (54.7) | 95 (59.0) | |||
| Past | 146 (42.7) | 44 (39.6) | 58 (50.4) | 44 (37.9) | 187 (38.9) | 58 (36.5) | 69 (42.9) | 60 (37.3) | |||
| Current | 9 (2.6) | 2 (1.8) | 5 (4.3) | 2 (1.7) | 16 (3.3) | 6 (3.8) | 4 (2.5) | 6 (3.7) | |||
| Alcohol intake (drinks/week) | 3.5 ± 5.1 | 2.9 ± 5.0 | 3.8 ± 5.1 | 3.7 ± 5.1 | 0.135 | 2.3 ± 4.0 | 2.3 ± 4.2 | 2.5 ± 4.0 | 2.2 ± 3.9 | 0.632 | <.001 |
| CHAMPS: Minutes/week in all exercise-related activities | 982.4 ± 748.1 | 876.3 ± 625.2 | 1041.5 ± 823.6 | 1028.1 ± 775.1 | 0.233 | 865.8 ± 574.9 | 858.5 ± 628.4 | 913.0 ± 527.0 | 826.0 ± 565.3 | 0.775 | 0.124 |
| Multimorbidity index (0–13) | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 1.3 ± 1.2 | 0.159 | 1.7 ± 1.0 | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 1.7 ± 1.1 | 1.6 ± 1.1 | 0.762 | <.001 |
| Arthritis | 149 (43.4) | 56 (50.0) | 52 (45.2) | 41 (35.3) | 0.025 | 313 (65.2) | 99 (61.9) | 108 (67.9) | 106 (65.8) | 0.458 | <.001 |
| Cancer | 95 (27.7) | 31 (27.7) | 31 (27.0) | 33 (28.4) | 0.894 | 108 (22.4) | 39 (24.4) | 36 (22.4) | 33 (20.5) | 0.405 | 0.082 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 14 (4.1) | 6 (5.4) | 3 (2.6) | 5 (4.3) | 0.710 | 18 (3.7) | 5 (3.1) | 8 (5.0) | 5 (3.1) | 0.991 | 0.793 |
| Diabetes | 60 (17.5) | 20 (17.9) | 14 (12.2) | 26 (22.4) | 0.351 | 64 (13.3) | 17 (10.6) | 18 (11.2) | 29 (18.0) | 0.051 | 0.095 |
| Height (m) | 1.74 ± 0.07 | 1.72 ± 0.07 | 1.75 ± 0.07 | 1.76 ± 0.07 | <.001 | 1.60 ± 0.06 | 1.58 ± 0.06 | 1.61 ± 0.07 | 1.61 ± 0.06 | <.001 | <.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 84.6 ± 13.7 | 77.7 ± 11.7 | 85.0 ± 11.8 | 90.9 ± 14.2 | <.001 | 70.3 ± 13.2 | 63.7 ± 11.6 | 70.3 ± 11.9 | 76.9 ± 12.6 | <.001 | <.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.8 ± 4.2 | 26.2 ± 3.6 | 27.8 ± 3.9 | 29.3 ± 4.3 | <.001 | 27.5 ± 4.9 | 25.4 ± 4.3 | 27.2 ± 4.6 | 29.8 ± 4.7 | <.001 | 0.342 |
| MR thigh muscle volume (L) | 11.2 ± 1.6 | 10.0 ± 1.2 | 11.3 ± 1.1 | 12.2 ± 1.5 | <.001 | 7.5 ± 1.1 | 6.8 ± 1.0 | 7.5 ± 0.9 | 8.1 ± 1.1 | <.001 | <.001 |
| Muscle fat infiltration (%) | 0.059 ± 0.019 | 0.065 ± 0.022 | 0.057 ± 0.018 | 0.056 ± 0.018 | <.001 | 0.072 ± 0.022 | 0.073 ± 0.023 | 0.072 ± 0.021 | 0.072 ± 0.021 | 0.715 | <.001 |
| Total abdominal adipose volume (L) | 11.9 ± 4.4 | 10.9 ± 4.0 | 11.9 ± 4.3 | 12.9 ± 4.7 | <.001 | 11.8 ± 4.6 | 9.9 ± 4.3 | 11.6 ± 4.2 | 13.9 ± 4.4 | <.001 | 0.778 |
| Grip strength (kg) | 37.0 ± 8.1 | 34.7 ± 6.8 | 36.7 ± 8.3 | 39.4 ± 8.2 | <.001 | 23.3 ± 5.5 | 21.9 ± 5.5 | 23.7 ± 5.4 | 24.3 ± 5.4 | <.001 | <.001 |
| 1-RM leg strength (kg) | 216.6 ± 59.3 | 185.3 ± 46.5 | 224.5 ± 57.6 | 238.8 ± 59.7 | <.001 | 141.7 ± 37.3 | 130.1 ± 35.9 | 142.5 ± 35.4 | 152.4 ± 37.5 | <.001 | <.001 |
| Peak leg power (Watts) | 476.97 ± 160.51 | 393.26 ± 115.91 | 490.36 ± 132.16 | 544.09 ± 185.81 | <.001 | 271.97 ± 83.47 | 237.23 ± 75.09 | 279.67 ± 77.63 | 299.01 ± 85.53 | <.001 | <.001 |
| 400m walk speed (m/s) | 1.09 ± 0.17 | 1.04 ± 0.19 | 1.12 ± 0.16 | 1.10 ± 0.15 | 0.007 | 1.03 ± 0.18 | 1.01 ± 0.18 | 1.06 ± 0.18 | 1.00 ± 0.17 | 0.550 | <.001 |
| SPPB overall score (0–12) | 10.3 ± 1.7 | 9.8 ± 2.0 | 10.6 ± 1.5 | 10.4 ± 1.5 | 0.070 | 10.2 ± 1.7 | 9.9 ± 1.8 | 10.4 ± 1.6 | 10.2 ± 1.7 | 0.164 | 0.239 |
| SPPB limitation (score≤8) | 41 (11.9) | 22 (19.3) | 9 (7.8) | 10 (8.6) | 0.013 | 78 (16.2) | 36 (22.5) | 16 (10.0) | 26 (16.1) | 0.125 | 0.080 |
| Expanded SPPB overall score (0–4) | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 2.3 ± 0.5 | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 0.014 | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 0.104 | 0.052 |
| Poor balance score (time<61 seconds) | 60 (17.4) | 31 (27.2) | 18 (15.7) | 11 (9.5) | <.001 | 99 (20.6) | 45 (28.3) | 25 (15.5) | 29 (18.0) | 0.024 | 0.251 |
| 4m walk speed (m/s) | 1.06 ± 0.20 | 1.03 ± 0.20 | 1.10 ± 0.19 | 1.06 ± 0.21 | 0.319 | 1.02 ± 0.20 | 0.99 ± 0.18 | 1.07 ± 0.22 | 1.00 ± 0.20 | 0.741 | 0.004 |
| Chair Stands per 10 seconds | 4.0 ± 1.3 | 3.7 ± 1.3 | 4.2 ± 1.3 | 4.0 ± 1.3 | 0.091 | 4.0 ± 1.2 | 3.8 ± 1.2 | 4.1 ± 1.1 | 4.0 ± 1.2 | 0.062 | 0.606 |
| Four square step test time (sec) | 10.4 ± 2.6 | 10.7 ± 2.9 | 10.4 ± 2.3 | 10.2 ± 2.7 | 0.201 | 10.4 ± 2.7 | 11.0 ± 3.3 | 10.1 ± 2.2 | 10.1 ± 2.3 | 0.002 | 0.824 |
| Stair climb total time (sec) | 25.5 ± 6.2 | 26.7 ± 7.2 | 24.7 ± 5.2 | 25.2 ± 5.9 | 0.056 | 27.2 ± 7.9 | 28.4 ± 7.9 | 26.4 ± 8.4 | 26.9 ± 7.1 | 0.081 | <.001 |
| Narrow walk speed (m/s) | 1.04 ± 0.24 | 1.00 ± 0.24 | 1.10 ± 0.21 | 1.03 ± 0.25 | 0.257 | 0.97 ± 0.23 | 0.92 ± 0.23 | 1.02 ± 0.23 | 1.00 ± 0.23 | 0.057 | <.001 |
| VO2peak (mL/kg/min) | 22.3 ± 5.0 | 21.5 ± 5.6 | 22.5 ± 4.7 | 22.9 ± 4.7 | 0.037 | 18.8 ± 4.1 | 18.9 ± 4.4 | 19.3 ± 4.2 | 18.2 ± 3.7 | 0.150 | <.001 |
| VO2peak (mL/min) | 1864.3 ± 411.6 | 1646.5 ± 421.3 | 1887.9 ± 317.8 | 2055.6 ± 388.1 | <.001 | 1290.0 ± 247.5 | 1177.8 ± 227.6 | 1320.3 ± 240.1 | 1367.6 ± 236.0 | <.001 | <.001 |
| Self-reported mobility limitation | 21 (6.1) | 9 (8.0) | 8 (7.0) | 4 (3.5) | 0.158 | 49 (10.3) | 13 (8.2) | 16 (10.1) | 20 (12.5) | 0.203 | 0.038 |
| Functional limitation | 68 (20.2) | 29 (26.1) | 19 (17.3) | 20 (17.4) | 0.106 | 143 (31.6) | 49 (32.5) | 34 (23.1) | 60 (38.7) | 0.228 | <.001 |
| MAT-sf limitation (MAT-sf score <60) | 31 (9.5) | 16 (14.3) | 10 (9.4) | 5 (4.6) | 0.015 | 95 (20.2) | 43 (27.0) | 31 (19.5) | 21 (13.8) | 0.004 | <.001 |
*
P-values testing for linear trend across tertiles for continuous variables are from a linear regression for normally distributed; for skewed continuous variables and categorical data from a two-sided Jonckheere-Terpstra Test for trend
**
p-values for comparing men vs women are from t-tests for normal continuous variables, chi-square tests for categorical variables, and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests for skewed continuous variables.