Table 1. Distribution of general and clinical factors according to CKD and MS in ACHD (N = 2,462).
| Variables | All (N = 2,462) | Non-CKD (n = 2,276) | CKD (n = 186) | P value | Non-MS (n = 1,577) | MS (n = 885) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 52.5 ± 14.3 | 51.7 ± 14.0 | 62.9 ± 13.6 | < 0.001 | 50.7 ± 14.5 | 55.8 ± 13.3 | < 0.001 | |
| 20–29 | 180 (7.30) | 172 (7.60) | 8 (4.30) | < 0.001 | 147 (9.30) | 33 (3.75) | < 0.001 | |
| 30–39 | 318 (12.8) | 315 (13.8) | 3 (1.60) | 239 (15.1) | 79 (8.95) | |||
| 40–49 | 497 (20.2) | 481 (21.1) | 16 (8.60) | 333 (21.1) | 164 (18.5) | |||
| 50–59 | 624 (25.5) | 583 (25.6) | 41 (22.0) | 390 (24.8) | 234 (26.4) | |||
| 60–69 | 538 (21.8) | 491 (21.6) | 47 (25.3) | 308 (19.5) | 230 (26.0) | |||
| 70+ | 305 (12.4) | 234 (10.3) | 71 (38.2) | 160 (10.2) | 145 (16.4) | |||
| Sex, male | 1,200 (48.7) | 1,113 (48.9) | 87 (46.7) | 0.576 | 700 (44.3) | 500 (56.5) | < 0.001 | |
| Type of ACHD of great complexity | 338 (13.7) | 302 (13.2) | 36 (19.3) | 0.020 | 216 (13.7) | 122 (13.7) | 0.951 | |
| Diagnoses in ACHD of moderate complexity | 1,722 (69.9) | 1,599 (70.2) | 123 (66.1) | 0.238 | 1,108 (70.2) | 614 (69.3) | 0.647 | |
| ACHD | 0.084 | |||||||
| Acyanotic | 2,218 (90.1) | 2,063 (90.6) | 155 (83.3) | 0.001 | 1,433 (90.8) | 785 (88.7) | ||
| Cyanotic | 244 (9.90) | 213 (9.40) | 31 (16.7) | 144 (9.20) | 100 (11.3) | |||
| MS | 885 (35.9) | 772 (33.9) | 113 (60.7) | < 0.001 | 0 (0.00) | 885 (100) | < 0.001 | |
| MS components | ||||||||
| Obesity (BMI ≥ 25) | 873 (35.4) | 803 (35.2) | 70 (37.6) | 0.518 | 260 (16.4) | 613 (69.2) | < 0.001 | |
| High TG | 543 (22.0) | 497 (21.8) | 46 (24.7) | 0.359 | 128 (8.12) | 415 (46.8) | < 0.001 | |
| Low HDL | 865 (35.1) | 761 (33.4) | 104 (55.9) | < 0.001 | 289 (18.3) | 576 (65.0) | < 0.001 | |
| High BP | 1,217 (49.4) | 1,072 (47.1) | 145 (77.9) | < 0.001 | 510 (32.3) | 707 (79.8) | < 0.001 | |
| High FBS | 1,498 (60.8) | 1,345 (59.0) | 153 (82.2) | < 0.001 | 739 (46.8) | 759 (85.7) | < 0.001 | |
| Degree of renal dysfunction, eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| ≥ 90 | 1,266 (51.4) | 1,266 (55.6) | 0 (0.00) | 850 (53.9) | 416 (47.0) | |||
| 60–89 | 1,010 (41.0) | 1,010 (44.4) | 0 (0.00) | 654 (41.5) | 356 (40.2) | |||
| 30–59 | 119 (4.80) | 0 (0.00) | 119 (63.9) | 51 (3.20) | 68 (7.70) | |||
| 15–29 | 31 (1.30) | 0 (0.00) | 31 (16.7) | 10 (0.60) | 21 (2.40) | |||
| < 15 | 36 (1.50) | 0 (0.00) | 36 (19.4) | 12 (0.80) | 24 (2.70) | |||
| CKD | 186 (7.60) | 0 (0.00) | 186 (100) | < 0.001 | 73 (4.60) | 113 (12.8) | < 0.001 | |
| Coexistence of CKD and MS | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Non-CKD and non-MS | 1,504 (61.1) | 1,504 (66.0) | 0 (0.00) | 1,504 (95.3) | 0 (0.00) | |||
| Non-CKD and MS | 772 (31.3) | 772 (34.0) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 772 (87.2) | |||
| CKD and non-MS | 73 (3.00) | 0 (0.00) | 73 (39.3) | 73 (4.70) | 0 (0.00) | |||
| CKD and MS | 113 (4.60) | 0 (0.00) | 113 (60.7) | 0 (0.00) | 113 (12.8) | |||
| Comorbidities | ||||||||
| Angina | 331 (13.4) | 294 (12.9) | 37 (19.8) | 0.005 | 166 (10.2) | 165 (19.4) | < 0.001 | |
| Myocardial infarction | 47 (1.91) | 34 (1.49) | 13 (6.99) | < 0.001 | 23 (1.43) | 24 (2.83) | 0.015 | |
| Heart failure | 448 (18.2) | 390 (17.1) | 58 (31.1) | < 0.001 | 268 (16.9) | 180 (20.3) | 0.039 | |
| Arrhythmia | 622 (25.2) | 568 (24.9) | 54 (29.0) | 0.218 | 369 (23.4) | 253 (28.5) | 0.004 | |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 544 (22.1) | 493 (21.6) | 51 (27.4) | 0.068 | 309 (19.5) | 235 (26.5) | < 0.001 | |
| Cancer | 321 (13.0) | 276 (12.1) | 45 (24.1) | < 0.001 | 207 (13.1) | 114 (12.8) | 0.862 | |
| Anemia | 550 (22.3) | 435 (19.1) | 115 (61.8) | < 0.001 | 335 (21.2) | 215 (24.2) | 0.081 | |
| Surgical operation related to CHD | 991 (40.2) | 901 (39.5) | 90 (48.3) | 0.018 | 580 (36.7) | 411 (46.4) | < 0.001 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.8 ± 3.52 | 23.8 ± 3.49 | 23.9 ± 3.84 | 0.666 | 22.5 ± 2.99 | 26.0 ± 3.25 | < 0.001 | |
| SBP, mmHg | 122.7 ± 19.4 | 122.2 ± 18.7 | 128.5 ± 26.2 | 0.001 | 118.4 ± 18.1 | 130.3 ± 19.5 | < 0.001 | |
| DBP, mmHg | 73.8 ± 13.6 | 73.8 ± 13.5 | 73.3 ± 14.6 | 0.652 | 71.8 ± 13.1 | 77.2 ± 13.9 | < 0.001 | |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.5 ± 1.98 | 13.7 ± 1.86 | 11.6 ± 2.32 | < 0.001 | 13.5 ± 1.87 | 13.5 ± 2.15 | 0.736 | |
| FBS, mg/dL | 114.7 ± 38.5 | 112.6 ± 35.4 | 139.4 ± 60.8 | < 0.001 | 107.4 ± 33.0 | 127.7 ± 43.9 | < 0.001 | |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 169.2 ± 40.1 | 170.1 ± 36.8 | 157.9 ± 68.0 | 0.016 | 168.6 ± 38.8 | 170.2 ± 42.3 | 0.365 | |
| TG, mg/dL | 116.6 ± 71.8 | 115.9 ± 70.3 | 125.6 ± 87.9 | 0.146 | 94.5 ± 48.0 | 156.1 ± 88.4 | < 0.001 | |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 104.7 ± 35.6 | 105.2 ± 32.0 | 99.6 ± 64.7 | 0.249 | 103.5 ± 35.4 | 107.0 ± 35.7 | 0.016 | |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 52.6 ± 15.4 | 53.2 ± 15.1 | 45.8 ± 16.5 | < 0.001 | 57.2 ± 14.8 | 44.5 ± 12.8 | < 0.001 | |
| Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL | 16.6 ± 9.95 | 15.0 ± 4.83 | 37.0 ± 24.0 | < 0.001 | 15.6 ± 7.73 | 18.5 ± 12.7 | < 0.001 | |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.96 ± 0.85 | 0.82 ± 0.18 | 2.70 ± 2.43 | < 0.001 | 0.89 ± 0.61 | 1.10 ± 1.14 | < 0.001 | |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 91.0 ± 26.4 | 95.5 ± 21.6 | 36.7 ± 18.1 | < 0.001 | 93.3 ± 23.9 | 87.0 ± 30.0 | < 0.001 | |
| Death | 183 (7.43) | 128 (5.62) | 55 (29.5) | < 0.001 | 100 (6.34) | 83 (9.38) | 0.005 | |
Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%).
CKD = chronic kidney disease, MS = metabolic syndrome, ACHD = adult congenital heart disease, BMI = body mass index, TG = triglyceride, HDL = high-density lipoprotein, BP = blood pressure, FBS = fasting blood sugar, eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate, CHD = congenital heart disease, SBP = systolic blood pressure, DBP = diastolic blood pressure, LDL-C = low-density lipoproteins cholesterol, HDL-C = high-density lipoproteins cholesterol.