Table 2.
User interaction and treatment response measures by intervention sessiona.
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Sessiona | ||||||||||||||||
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S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 | S7 | S8 | |||||||||
| User interaction measures | |||||||||||||||||
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Breakdown count |
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Participants, n | 38 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 36 | 35 | 34 | 34 | |||||||
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Mean (SD) | 4.7 (4.9) | 6.5 (4.4) | 4.3 (3.4) | 3.6 (3.1) | 4.4 (3.9) | 3.1 (2.0) | 2.3 (1.8) | 2.9 (2.5) | |||||||
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NASA TLXb |
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Participants, n | 33 | 29 | 24 | 24 | 22 | 27 | 23 | 27 | |||||||
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Mean (SD) | 14.5 (5.6) | 17.6 (5.6) | 17.1 (5.1) | 17.0 (6.4) | 17.4 (5.1) | 16.4 (5.6) | 15.1 (4.1) | 16.0 (5.9) | |||||||
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UEQ-Sc |
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Participants, n | 33 | 29 | 24 | 24 | 22 | 27 | 23 | 27 | |||||||
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Mean (SD) | 1.1 (0.9) | 0.8 (1.2) | 0.5 (1.4) | 0.6 (1.4) | 0.7 (1.5) | 0.6 (1.5) | 1.0 (1.2) | 1.1 (1.3) | |||||||
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WAI-Techd |
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Participants, n | 33 | 29 | 24 | 24 | 22 | 27 | 23 | 27 | |||||||
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Mean (SD) | 5.3 (0.9) | 5.3 (0.9) | 5.1 (1.1) | 5.1 (1.2) | 5.0 (1.4) | 5.1 (1.1) | 5.1 (1.2) | 5.2 (1.1) | |||||||
| Treatment response measures | |||||||||||||||||
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PHQ-9 scorese |
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Participants, n | 38 | 38 | 38 | 37 | 37 | 35 | 34 | 34 | |||||||
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Mean (SD) | 10.3 (5.2) | 9.4 (4.5) | 8.6 (5.7) | 8.2 (5.8) | 7.7 (5.4) | 7.1 (5.5) | 7.3 (6.2) | 6.9 (6.1) | |||||||
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GAD-7 scoresf |
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Participants, n | 38 | 38 | 38 | 37 | 37 | 35 | 34 | 34 | |||||||
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Mean (SD) | 9.4 (4.1) | 8.4 (3.9) | 7.8 (4.4) | 7.0 (4.3) | 6.5 (4.6) | 6.5 (4.3) | 7.0 (5.4) | 6.6 (4.7) | |||||||
aS1-S8: Session 1 to Session 8.
bNASA TLX: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index. An overall task load index score was calculated as sum of 5 task load items: mental demand, temporal demand (eg, being rushed), effort, frustration and performance, each ranging 1 to 7. A higher scores reflected unfavorable greater demand.
cUEQ-S: User Experience Questionnaire Short Version. Survey responses were rescaled to the range –3 to 3 and UEQ-S total score were calculated as mean of survey responses. Total score values <–0.8 represent a negative evaluation, between –0.8 and 0.8 represent a neutral evaluation, and >0.8 represent a positive evaluation on each scale.
dWAI-Tech: Working Alliance Inventory-Technology Version. An overall score was calculated as item mean, ranging 1 to 7. A higher overall score reflected a more positive rating of working alliance.
ePHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9. PHQ-9 scores range from 0 to 27 with higher scores indicating more severe depressive symptoms.
fGAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7. GAD-7 scores range from 0 to 21 with higher scores representing more severe levels of anxiety.