Figure 1.

Illustration of Antibody Mechanisms in Neuro-oncology. (A) Overview of a centrally located brain tumor, with its vascular supply highlighted. (B) Detailed view of antibodies attempting to cross the blood-brain barrier, emphasizing the inherent challenges of this process. (C) PD-1 antibodies in action, illustrating their role in enhancing T cell functionality against tumor cells. (D) Depiction of antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) that are attached to a cytotoxic drug, targeting and destroying tumor cells. (E) TIGIT or LAG-3 antibodies activating T cells, emphasizing their function in boosting immune response against tumor cells. (F) BiTE (Bispecific T cell Engager) mechanism, showcasing how it links T cells to tumor cells, facilitating the destruction of the tumor cells by T cells. (G) Illustration of other cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) such as astrocytes, monocytes, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). These cells can exert immunosuppressive effects, hindering effective anti-tumor immune responses. (H) Representation of lipid nanoparticles carrying antibody receptors, illustrating the potential for targeted drug delivery. (I) CAR T cell mechanism depicted as it releases BiTEs upon activation, further enhancing T cell engagement with tumor cells. (J) Detailed depiction of the anti-CTLA4 antibody mechanism: The anti-CTLA4 antibody blocks the interaction between CTLA-4 on both T regulatory and T effector cells and B7 on dendritic cells. In effector cells, CTLA-4 acts as an inhibitory receptor, reducing T cell activation. By blocking this interaction, the anti-CTLA4 antibody promotes prolonged T cell activation and increased T effector cell activity against tumor cells.