Table 1.
Key trials of immune checkpoint inhibitors for central nervous system tumors.
| Author | Year | Phase | Tumor Type | Immunotherapy Agent | Combination Treatment | Number of Patients | Progression-Free Survival | Overall Survival |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brastianos PK, et al. [46] | 2022 | Phase II | recurrent high-grade meningioma | Pembrolizumab | None | 25 | 7.6 months (90% CI, 3.4–12.9) | 20.2 months (90% CI, 14.8–25.8) |
| Nassiri F, et al. [49] | 2023 | Phase I/II | recurrent glioblastoma | Pembrolizumab | Oncolytic Virotherapy | 49 | Not reported | 12.5 months (10.7–13.5) |
| Reardon DA, et al. [36] | 2021 | Phase I | recurrent glioblastoma | Pembrolizumab | None | 111 | 2.8 months (95% Cl, 1.8–8.1) | 13.1 months (95% CI 8.0–26.6) |
| Reardon DA, et al. [37] | 2020 | Phase III | recurrent glioblastoma | Nivolumab | Ipilimumab | 369 | 1.5 months (95% CI, 1.5–1.6) | 9.8 months (95% CI, 8.2–11.8) |
| Duerinck J, et al. [38] | 2021 | Phase I | recurrent glioblastoma | Ipilimumab | Nivolumab | 27 | 2.9 months (95% CI, 2.5–3) | 9.5 months (95% CI: 6.8–12.3) |
| Cloughesy TF, et al. [39] | 2019 | Phase II | recurrent glioblastoma | Pembrolizumab | None | 35 | 3.3 months | 13.7 months |
| Nayak L, et al. [40] | 2021 | Phase II | recurrent glioblastoma | Pembrolizumab | Bevacizumab | 80 | 4.1 months (95% CI, 2.8–8.6) | 8.8 months (95% CI, 7.7–14.2) |
| Sahebjam S, et al. [41] | 2020 | Phase I | recurrent high-grade glioma | Pembrolizumab | Hypofractionated Stereotactic Irradiation | 32 | 7.9 months (95% CI, 6.3–12.5) | 13.34 months (95% CI, 9.5–18.5) |
| Bi WL, et al. [47] | 2022 | Phase II | recurrent high-grade meningioma | Nivolumab | None | 25 | 5.6 months (95% CI, 3.2–7.4) | 30.9 months (95% CI, 17.6, NA) |
| Omuro A, et al. [42] | 2023 | Phase III | newly diagnosed glioblastoma | Nivolumab | Radiation Therapy | 560 | 6.0 months (95% CI, 5.7–6.2) | 13.4 (95% CI, 1.1–1.6) |
| Lim M, et al. [43] | 2022 | Phase III | newly diagnosed glioblastoma | Nivolumab | Temozolomide Plus Radiation Therapy | 716 | 10.6 months (95% CI, 8.9–11.8) | 28.9 months (95% CI, 24.4–31.6) |
| Omuro A, et al. [44] | 2018 | Phase I | recurrent glioblastoma | Nivolumab | Ipilimumab | 40 | 1.5 months (95% CI, 0.5–2.8) | 9.2 months (95% CI, 3.9–12.7) |
| Schalper KA, et al. [45] | 2019 | Phase II | recurrent glioblastoma | Nivolumab | None | 30 | 4.1 months (95% CI, 2.8–5.5) | 7.3 months (95% CI, 5.4–7.9) |