Table 3. Multiple linear regression analysis evaluating the association between single and groups of amino acids and anthropometric indices among adult participants the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.
| Weight change | Waist circumference change | Body adiposity index change | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1* | Model 2† | Model 1* | Model 2† | Model 1* | Model 2† | |
| β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β* (95% CI) | |
| Amino acids | ||||||
| Tryptophan | -0.09 (-0.22, 0.03) | -0.11 (-0.24, 0.01) | -0.18 (-0.33, -0.03) | -0.23 (-0.38, -0.07) | -0.06 (-0.13, -0.00) | -0.02 (-0.08, 0.03) |
| Isoleucine | 0.00 (-0.12, 0.13) | 0.04 (-0.09, 0.18) | 0.06 (-0.08, 0.21) | 0.09 (-0.06, 0.25) | 0.05 (-0.00, 0.12) | -0.00 (-0.07, 0.06) |
| Lysine | 0.09 (-0.03, 0.22) | 0.16 (0.03, 0.30) | 0.13 (-0.01, 0.28) | 0.21 (0.05, 0.37) | 0.09 (0.03, 0.15) | 0.02 (-0.03, 0.09) |
| Cysteine | 0.00 (-0.12, 0.13) | -0.16 (-0.30, -0.02) | -0.05 (-0.20, 0.09) | -0.16 (-0.32, -0.00) | -0.08 (-0.15, -0.02) | -0.01 (-0.08, 0.04) |
| Tyrosine | 0.06 (-0.06, 0.20) | 0.07 (-0.05, 0.21) | 0.08 (-0.06, 0.23) | 0.10 (-0.05, 0.26) | 0.04 (-0.02, 0.10) | -0.01 (-0.08, 0.04) |
| Arginine | 0.10 (-0.03, 0.23) | 0.01 (-0.11, 0.14) | 0.01 (-0.13, 0.16) | -0.02 (-0.17, 0.12) | -0.01 (-0.07, 0.05) | -0.01 (-0.07, 0.05) |
| Alanine | 0.05 (-0.07, 0.18) | 0.05 (-0.08, 0.18) | 0.08 (-0.06, 0.23) | 0.10 (-0.04, 0.26) | 0.04 (-0.02, 0.10) | 0.01 (-0.04, 0.07) |
| Glutamic acid | -0.21 (-0.34, -0.07) | -0.18 (-0.31, -0.05) | -0.14 (-0.29, 0.00) | -0.20 (-0.35, -0.04) | -0.10 (-0.17, -0.04) | -0.04 (-0.10, 0.02) |
| Threonine | -0.00 (-0.14, 0.12) | 0.09 (-0.04, 0.22) | 0.03 (-0.12, 0.18) | 0.09 (-0.06, 0.25) | 0.05 (-0.00, 0.11) | -0.01 (-0.07, 0.05) |
| Leucine | 0.02 (-0.11, 0.15) | 0.01 (-0.12, 0.14) | 0.09 (-0.05, 0.24) | 0.09 (-0.06, 0.25) | 0.03 (-0.03, 0.09) | -0.02 (-0.09, 0.04) |
| Methionine | 0.04 (-0.08, 0.17) | 0.03 (-0.10, 0.17) | 0.14 (-0.00, 0.29) | 0.17 (0.01, 0.34) | 0.05 (-0.00, 0.12) | 0.01 (-0.04, 0.08) |
| Phenylalanine | -0.10 (-0.23, 0.03) | -0.12 (-0.25, 0.00) | -0.01 (-0.16, 0.13) | -0.07 (-0.22, 0.08) | -0.06 (-0.13, -0.00) | -0.06 (-0.12, 0.00) |
| Valine | 0.01 (-0.11, 0.14) | 0.05 (-0.08, 0.18) | 0.15 (0.00, 0.30) | 0.17 (0.02, 0.33) | 0.00 (-0.05, 0.07) | -0.04 (-0.10, 0.02) |
| Histidine | -0.08 (-0.21, 0.04) | 0.02 (-0.10, 0.16) | 0.04 (-0.10, 0.19) | 0.09 (-0.06, 0.24) | 0.02 (-0.03, 0.08) | -0.01 (-0.07, 0.05) |
| Aspartic acid | 0.18 (0.05, 0.31) | 0.16 (0.03, 0.29) | 0.04 (-0.10, 0.20) | 0.12 (-0.03, 0.27) | 0.09 (0.02, 0.15) | 0.00 (-0.06, 0.06) |
| Glycine | 0.03 (-0.09, 0.17) | -0.05 (-0.18, 0.08) | 0.00 (-0.14, 0.15) | -0.05 (-0.20, 0.10) | -0.02 (-0.09, 0.03) | 0.01 (-0.04, 0.08) |
| Serine | -0.04 (-0.17, 0.09) | -0.01 (-0.14, 0.12) | 0.02 (-0.12, 0.18) | 0.02 (-0.13, 0.17) | -0.02 (-0.09, 0.03) | -0.05 (-0.12, 0.00) |
| Proline | -0.15 (-0.28, -0.02) | -0.10 (-0.23, 0.02) | -0.07 (-0.22, 0.07) | -0.10 (-0.25, 0.05) | -0.07 (-0.13, -0.01) | -0.03 (-0.09, 0.03) |
| Lysine/Arginine Ratio | 0.01 (-0.11, 0.14) | 0.10 (-0.03, 0.23) | 0.07 (-0.07, 0.22) | 0.15 (-.00, 0.31) | 0.08 (0.01, 0.14) | 0.01 (-0.04, 0.08) |
| Amino acid groups | ||||||
| Branched chain AAs | 0.03 (-0.09, 0.16) | 0.06 (-0.07, 0.19) | 0.11 (-0.04, 0.26) | 0.12 (-0.03, 0.28) | 0.02 (-0.03, 0.08) | -0.02 (-0.09, 0.03) |
| Aromatic AAs | -0.07 (-0.20, 0.06) | -0.10 (-0.23, 0.03) | -0.00 (-0.15, 0.14) | -0.05 (-0.20, 0.10) | -0.04 (-0.10, 0.02) | -0.07 (-0.14, -0.01) |
| Alkaline AAs | 0.12 (-0.00, 0.26) | 0.15 (0.02, 0.28) | 0.14 (-0.00, 0.29) | 0.18 (0.03, 0.34) | 0.05 (-0.00, 0.12) | -0.00 (-0.06, 0.06) |
| Acidic AAs | -0.19 (-0.33, -0.06) | -0.19 (-0.32, -0.06) | -0.19 (-0.35, -0.04) | -0.24 (-0.39, -0.08) | -0.11 (-0.17, -0.05) | -0.07 (-0.13, -0.00) |
| Sulfuric AAs | 0.02 (-0.11, 0.15) | -0.17 (-0.30, -0.03) | 0.07 (-0.08, 0.22) | -0.02 (-0.18, 0.13) | -0.04 (-0.11, 0.01) | -0.02 (-0.08, 0.04) |
| Alcoholic AAs | -0.02 (-0.15, 0.10) | 0.04 (-0.08, 0.18) | 0.06 (-0.08, 0.21) | 0.09 (-0.06, 0.25) | 0.00 (-0.05, 0.07) | -0.04 (-0.11, 0.02) |
Weight and waist circumference change values in follow-up time were entered as a dependent variable. Each quartile increase of dietary amino acids in the study’s baseline was entered for analysis as independent variables, and the β coefficient with 95% CI was reported.
*
Model 1: Baseline values of weight, WC, and BAI were adjusted for weight change, waist circumference change, and body adiposity index change, respectively.
†
Model 2: Analyses additionally adjusted for potential confounders: age, sex, physical activity, smoking (yes or no), daily intake of energy, total fat, and fiber intake.
Significant associations are in bold.