Table 3.

Anti-tumor action of 11S globulin components.

Action	Mode of Action	Evidence
Inhibits cancer cell growth and proliferation	Lectin was responsible for the antiproliferative activity of the MPI-h [95]. Acid fraction of glycinin, composed of low molecular weight peptides, was able to inhibit cancer cells growth [96].	Inhibited the proliferation of UMR106 rat osteosarcoma-derived cells [95] and inhibited the growth of cervical cancer HeLa cells in a dose-dependent manner [96].
Antioxidant effect	Small (~1 kDa) peptides generated from 11S globulin inhibit the formation of hydroxyl radicals by reaction of H2O2 and Co+2 and decreasing ROS [41]	Demonstrated peroxyl radical scavenging activity dependent on the structure of peptides in human adenocarcinoma cell line, Caco-2 TC7 [41]
Induces cancer cell death (apoptosis)	Increased the expression levels of apoptosis-related spot-like protein (ASC), caspase-1, the cleaved gasdermin D, and interleukin-1β [97]. Flaxseed orbitides influence mitochondrial- and death receptor-mediated intrinsic and extrinsic pathways [98].	Glutelin extracts induced the apoptosis of cervical cancer HeLa cells [99]. Human gastric SGC-7901 cell apoptosis was induced by linusorb B3 flaxseed orbitides [98]
Arresting cell cycle	Linoorbitides arrested the cell at the G1 phase by downregulation of CDK2/4 and overexpression of p21WAF1/CIP1 and p27KIP1 genes [100].	Cyclolinopeptides/linusorbs are capable of arresting cell cycle, and thus reduce metastasis spreading in human gastric SGC-7901 cells [100].
Cytotoxic effect on cancer cells	Linoorbitides have strong cytotoxic effect probably due to its binding abilities to human serum albumin [32].	Linusorb B3 is cytotoxic to human melanoma cells A375 and breast cancer cells Sk-Br-3 and MCF7 at high concentration [101].