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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Nov 21.
Published in final edited form as: Int Orthop. 2022 Dec 23;47(4):1051–1060. doi: 10.1007/s00264-022-05659-9

Table 2.

Muscle measurement results

Muscle Parameters
All N = 26 Female N = 26 Male N = 26 p-value
Psoas CSA [cm2/m2] 8.5 ± 2.5 6.9 ± 1.6 10.0 ± 2.4 < 0.001
fCSA [cm2/m2] 7.8 ± 2.4 6.3 ± 1.5 9.3 ± 2.3 < 0.001
FAT [cm2/m2] 0.7 ± 0.6 0.6 ± 0.4 0.8 ± 0.9 0.577
FI [%] 8.3 ± 6.6 9.1 ± 5.7 7.5 ± 7.6 0.568
PPM CSA [cm2/m2] 19.4 ± 3.1 19.5 ± 3.7 19.4 ± 2.5 0.951
fCSA [cm2/m2] 11.4 ± 2.6 11.6 ± 2.7 11.2 ± 2.5 0.692
FAT [cm2/m2] 8.1 ± 2.1 7.9 ± 2.1 8.2 ± 2.2 0.699
FI [%] 41.5 ± 9.8 40.6 ± 8.5 42.4 ± 11.1 0.636

Mean + standard deviation is presented. Significant values are in bold. Statistical significance was defined as a p-value < 0.05. PPM, posterior paraspinal muscles; CSA, cross-sectional area; fCSA, functional cross-sectional area; FAT, the total area of fat; FI, percentage of fat in total muscle