Fig. 3.

Inhibitory activities of VAM against PEDV binding, entry, and post-entry stage. (A) Timeline of time of binding, entry, and post-entry assays. The gray box refers to the PEDV infection period and gray line box refers to the VAM administration. (B) After 12 hpi, the cells were harvested and immunoblotting assay was performed to determine PEDV-N and actin protein levels. (C) After 12 hpi, the cells and medium supernatant were harvested. After three freeze–thaw cycles, the viral titer was determined using plaque assay on Vero-E6 cells. The levels of PEDV-N were normalized to the level of actin.