Table 3.

Comparison of Latent Variables Found by Factor Analysis of the Pre and Post-Semester-4

Latent Variable	Stage	N	Mean	Std. Deviation	t (df)	p value
Learning in PBL	Stage 1	431	21.94	5.14	−8.27 (699)	0.00*
	Stage 2	270	24.82	3.14
PBL Dynamics	Stage 1	431	13.91	3.55	−5.12 (699)	0.00*
	Stage 2	270	15.20	2.69
CBL and SDL Dynamics	Stage 1	431	13.52	3.65	−6.48 (699)	0.00*
	Stage 2	270	15.16	2.53
Role of facilitator in PBL	Stage 1	431	4.53	1.32	−3.41 (699)	0.00*
	Stage 2	270	4.84	0.97

Notes: *The p value is significant at or < 0.05 level.