Table 3.

Illustrative cardiovascular disease risk factors to consider when managing patients with obesity^a [48].

Clinical Cardiovascular Disease

•History of acute coronary syndrome

•History of myocardial infarction (other than recent ACS event listed above)

•Stable or unstable angina

•Coronary or other arterial revascularization

•History of stroke or transient ischemic attack

•Symptomatic peripheral arterial disease (history of claudication with ABI <0.85, or previous revascularization or amputation

•Aortic aneurysm

High-Risk Conditions

•Previous CVD event (see above)

•Men ≥55 years or women age ≥65 y

•Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia

•History of prior coronary artery bypass surgery or percutaneous coronary intervention

•Diabetes mellitus

•Hypertension

•Persistently elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

•Metabolic syndrome

•Chronic Kidney Disease

•Current smoking

•History of congestive heart failure

•Coronary artery calcium score ≥100

Risk-Enhancing Factors

•Family history of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (men, age <55 y; women, age <65 y)

•Primary hypercholesterolemia

•Metabolic syndrome

•Chronic kidney disease

•Chronic inflammatory conditions (e.g., psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV/AIDS)

•Premature menopause (before age 40 years)

•Pre-eclampsia

•High risk populations (i.e., South Asian ancestry)

•Persistently elevated triglyceride levels

•Elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (≥2.0 mg/L)

•Elevated Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a) ≥50 mg/dL or ≥125 nmol/L)

•Elevated apolipoprotein B ≥ 130 mg/dL

•Ankle brachial index <0.9

^aNot an inclusive list (e.g., list does not include increased Lipoprotein(a)).