Table 3.
Examples of using alternative substrates for lipids and lipid-derived products.
| Substrate | Host | Product | Titer/Rate/Yield (TRY) | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Waste plant oils or animal fats | Waste cooking oil | Yarrowia lipolytica (YlB6, YlC7 and YlE1 mutants) | C16 and C18 SFAs and MUFAs | 0.062, 0.044, and 0.041 g/L/h | Katre et al. (2017) |
| Pork lard | Yarrowia lipolytica (W29) | Microbial lipids, citric acid, and lipase | Lipid: 58% (w/w) | Lopes et al. (2018) | |
| Olive mill wastewater | Yarrowia lipolytica (ACA-YC 5033) | Microbials lipids, citric acid, phenolic compound removal | Lipid: 48% of DCW | Sarris et al. (2017) | |
| Cellulose | Cellobiose | Yarrowia lipolytica (ZetaB 1 and ZetaB 2) | Microbial lipids | 0.8 g/L | Guo et al. (2015a) |
| Wheat straw hydrolysate | Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lipomyces starkeyi, and Rhodotorula babjevae | Microbial ipids and ethanol | 0.08 g/h and 0.18 g/h lipid production rates for L. starkeyi, and R. babjevae, respectively | Brandenburg et al. (2018) | |
| Starch | Raw starch | Yarrowia lipolytica (JMY5196) | Microbial lipids | 27% of DCW | Ledesma-Amaro et al. (2015) |
| Starch wastewater | Coculture of anaerobic sludge and microalga Scenedesmus sp. | Hydrogen and microbial lipids | 0.36 g/L | Ren et al. (2015) | |
| Cassava starch | Coculture Rhodosporidium toruloides and amylases-producing yeast Saccharomycopsis fibuligera | Single cell oil | 64.9% (w/w) | Gen et al. (2014) | |
| Sucrose | Cocoulture of Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Rhodotorula glutinis | Microbial lipids and citric acid | up to 30% (w/w) | Wang et al. (2016) | |
| C1/C2 chemicals | Methanol | Ogataea polymorpha | Free fatty acids | 15.9 g/L | Gao et al. (2022) |
| Pichia pastoris | Free fatty acids | 23.4 g/L | Cai et al. (2022) | ||
| CO2 | Chlorococcum littorale | Free fatty acids | 47.8 wt % of DCW | Ota et al. (2015) | |
| CO2 | Chlorella vulgaris | Microbial lipids | 38 ± 2.6% of DCW | Jain et al. (2019) | |
| CO2 | Haematococcus pluvialis | Omega-3 fatty acids and astaxanthin | 171 mg/L | Yu et al. (2021) | |
| Acetic acid obtained from syngas | Moorella thermoacetica and Yarrowia lipolytica | C16-C18 TAGs | 18 g/L | Hu et al. (2016) | |
| Acetic acid | Rhodosporidium toruloides | Microbial lipids | 48.2% of DCW | Huang et al. (2016) | |
| Acetic acid in both salt and acid forms | Yarrowia lipolytica | TAG | 115 g/L | Xu et al. (2017) | |
| Acetate | Cryptococcus curvatus | Microbial lipids | 73.4% of DCW | Gong et al. (2015) | |