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Effects of mental stress on human disease. The endocrinopathies and immunopathies of mental stress can worsen or increase the risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, metabolic diseases (e.g., hypertension, diabetes mellitus), inflammatory and autoimmune diseases (e.g., lupus, rheumatoid arthritis), and psychiatric diseases (e.g., depression, anxiety) [7,9,10].
