Table 1.

Lessons learned to improve pandemic preparedness.

Lesson	Detail
1. Prioritize early-stage R&D and platform technologies	• Invest in basic and translational research, and vaccine platform approaches
	• Improve vaccine platform technologies, including addressing, for example, limitations in storage and distribution
	• Understand vaccine targets and correlates of protection for pandemic pathogens
2. Bolster pandemic pathogen intelligence	• Build on existing genomic surveillance systems to include a range of pandemic pathogens
	• Strengthen local surveillance systems and better connect to global surveillance hubs
	• Use a range of data sources to monitor newly emerging infectious diseases
	• Predict new epidemics or emerging pathogen variants using vast data sources
	• Share disease intelligence to enable the development of new medical countermeasures
3. Optimize and de-risk earlier pandemic interventions	• Optimize the use of non-pharmaceutical interventions before widespread medical countermeasures are available
	• Stockpile essential medicines, hospital supplies, and treatments for surge capacity
	• Diversify response across preparedness tactics, manufacturers, and product technologies to help mitigate single-source risks
4. Sustain and leverage manufacturing capacity	• Sustain “warm base” vaccine manufacturing capacity for use in the next pandemic, including production of vaccines for epidemic or endemic infectious diseases
	• Plan for the expense of new start-up facilities and ongoing investment in infrastructure, operations, and workforce
	• Overcome supply shortages for raw materials to enable rapid vaccine production
	• Consider incorporating surge capacity into manufacturing network planning and operations
	• Promote sustainable procurement policies and health-seeking behaviors to establish routine commercial demand, balanced with appropriate supply capacity
5. Troubleshoot trade, regulatory, and procurement barriers	• Troubleshoot trade and regulatory barriers to the distribution of essential products
	• Harmonize global regulatory pathways to enable accelerated time to market for products
	• Establish more equitable but also sustainable agreements between manufacturers, national governments, and multilateral organizations on how to respond in the event of a future pandemic
	• Establish proactive pandemic funding mechanisms and integrated preparedness plans
6. Leverage the power of partnerships to overcome health system challenges	• Leverage multisectoral partnerships to solve problems of health systems strengthening, supply chains, financing, and consumer engagement
	• Better understand behaviors leading to vaccine hesitancy and leverage insights to develop strategies aimed at increasing uptake