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. 2023 Nov 7;11:1288293. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1288293

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Copyright © 2023 Xiao, Huang, Yang, Zhang, Xiao and Cai.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The overview flowchart of hypothesis and schematic design. (A) Mendelian randomization key hypothesis Diagram. SNPs associated with air pollution were used as the genetic instruments for investigating the causal effect of air pollution on frailty. Line with arrows indicates that the genetic instruments (SNPs) are associated with the exposure and can only affect the outcome via the exposure. Dashed lines indicate that the genetic instruments (SNPs) are independent of confounders between the results. (B) Schematic design for the Mendelian randomization analysis.