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. 2023 Nov 7;11:1288293. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1288293

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Copyright © 2023 Xiao, Huang, Yang, Zhang, Xiao and Cai.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Scatter plots of SNPs associated with air pollution and frailty. Each black point representing each SNP on the exposure (horizontal-axis) and on the outcome (vertical-axis) is plotted with error bars corresponding to each standard error (SE). The Mendelian randomization (MR) regression slopes of the lines represent the causal estimates using five approaches (inverse-variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode). (A) PM_2.5. (B) PM_2.5–10. (C) PM₁₀. (D) Nitrogen dioxide. (E) Nitrogen oxides.