Table 2.
GRADE for rating the quality of evidence (N = 13)
|
Studies (design) |
Limits (risk of bias) |
Inconsistent |
Indirect |
Imprecise |
Publication bias |
Magnitude of effect |
Dose–response |
Residual confounding |
Quality of evidence |
|
Yoneyama et al. 199624 (RCT) |
COI NR |
N |
N |
N |
N |
No CI Yes Mean SD |
N |
N |
High |
|
Adachi et al. 2002 25 (RCT) |
COI NR |
N |
N |
N |
N |
No CI |
N |
N |
High |
|
Yoneyama et al. 2002 26 (RCT) |
COI NR |
N |
N |
N |
N |
Yes CI |
N |
N |
Higher |
|
Adachi et al. 2007 27 (Cross-sectional) |
COI NR |
N |
N |
N |
N |
No CI |
N |
N |
Moderate |
|
Morino et al. 2014 28 (RCT) |
No COI |
N |
N |
N |
N |
Yes CI |
N |
N |
Highest |
|
Lee et al. 2020 29 (RCT) |
No COI |
N |
N |
N |
N |
No CI |
N |
N |
High |
|
Schou et al. 1989 30 (RCT) |
COI NR |
Y; Change in diagnostic criteria between Time 1 & Time 2 |
N |
Y; Low response; some unreliable answers |
N |
No CI |
N |
N |
High |
|
Mojon et al. 1998 31 (RCT) |
COI NR |
Y; Controls likely contaminated |
N |
N |
N |
No CI |
N |
N |
High |
|
Budtz-Jorgensen et al. 2000 32 (Non-RCT) |
COI NR |
N |
N |
N |
N |
No CI |
N |
N |
Moderate |
|
Samson et al. 2009 33 (Repeated Cross-Sectional) |
Potential COI |
N |
N |
N |
N |
No CI |
N |
N |
Moderate |
|
Zenthöfer et al. 2013 34 (RCT) |
COI NR |
N |
N |
N |
N |
Yes CI Low power |
N |
N |
Higher |
|
Seleskog et al. 2018 35 (RCT) |
No COI |
Study was only 3 months |
N |
N |
N |
No CI Underpowered |
N |
N |
Moderate |
|
Girestam Croonquist et al. 2020 36 (RCT) |
No COI |
N |
N |
N |
N |
No CI |
N |
N |
High |
The quality of evidence determination is based on Balshem.23 Rating is for primary outcomes only. COI: conflict of interest; CI: confidence interval; SD: standard deviation; NR: not reported; Y: Yes; N: No