Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2023 Nov 20;6:1179. doi: 10.1038/s42003-023-05548-w

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 2 — a Scatter plot of the maximal metabolic rate of different substrates. Each dot represents a unique substrate placed in the plot according to the metabolic rate by which it has been metabolized by the IPD (y-axis) and control (x-axis) NESCs. The maximal metabolic rate is normalized by background subtraction and cell density in the respective well. The median rate between the three lines of each condition is considered. Substrates metabolized with the normalized maximal rate above 1 are labeled. b Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) over time representing mitochondrial respiratory capacity. Basal respiration is measured until the injection of oligomycin which inhibits complex V activity, resulting in a decrease in respiration, which is linked to ATP production. FCCP injection disrupts ATP synthesis and mitochondrial membrane potential, allowing measurement of maximal respiration and spare respiratory capacity. The final injection is a mixture of complex I and complex III inhibitors—rotenone and antimycin A. Here mitochondrial respiration is shut down, enabling the calculation of nonmitochondrial respiration. Statistics: unpaired t-test. Significance asterisks represent *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. Error bars represent mean + SD. N = 3 independent experiments. c Bar graphs of mitochondrial respiratory capacity features. Statistics: non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. Error bars represent mean + SD. N = 3 independent experiments, each data point represents a measurement of a single well of the assay. d Extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) over time representing glycolytic function. Before glucose injection, ECAR shows non-glycolytic acidification caused by processes in the cell other than glycolysis. The first injection of glucose enables measurement of the rate of glycolysis under basal conditions. The second injection of oligomycin, a complex V inhibitor, enhances the energy production via glycolysis, revealing the maximum glycolytic capacity. The final injection of 2-deoxy-glucose (2-DG), a glucose analog that inhibits glycolysis, allowing to measure glycolytic reserve. N = 3 independent experiments. e Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity measured based on nmol of generated NADH from NAD+ over time, which is proportional to enzyme activity. Statistics: non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. Error bars represent mean + SD. N = 3 independent experiments. f Total pool of NAD (NAD+ and NADH) concentration in pmol relative to the control samples. Statistics: non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. Error bars represent mean + SD. N = 3 independent experiments. g NAD+/NADH ratio relative to the control samples. Statistics: non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. Error bars represent mean + SD. N = 3 independent experiments.