Table 1.

List of model constructs and items

Construct	Items	Mean	Source
Communication	CMU1	I can get closer to people I don’t see often through mobile apps.	[109]
	CMU2	I can meet various people through mobile apps.
	CMU3	Through mobile apps, I can have a conversation with people I meet for the first time.
Positive Affect	POA1	I am passionate while using mobile apps.	[97]
	POA2	I am proud while using mobile apps.
	POA3	I get inspiration while using mobile apps.
Negative Affect	NEA1	I suffer while using mobile apps.	[97]
	NEA2	I get angry while using mobile apps.
	NEA3	I feel annoyed while using mobile apps.
Flow	FLW1	While using mobile apps, my attention was focused solely on them.	[110]
	FLW2	I was completely focused while using mobile apps.
	FLW3	I was deeply immersed in mobile apps while using them.
Perceived Enjoyment	PEN1	It is fun to use mobile apps.	[60]
	PEN2	Using mobile apps is interesting.
	PEN3	Using mobile apps gives me pleasure.
Habit	HAB1	I use mobile apps to kill time.	[22]
	HAB2	I habitually use mobile apps whenever I have spare time.
	HAB3	I use mobile apps to relieve boredom.
Addiction	ADD1	I was immersed in mobile apps and experienced a decrease in conversations when meeting people.	[111]
	ADD2	As I used mobile apps, the emotional and affectionate emotions of the past decreased.