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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jul 18.
Published in final edited form as: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023 Jul 18;82(3):245–264. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.054

FIGURE 3. Waveform Analysis to Estimate Respiratory Rate From PPG and ECG.

FIGURE 3

Diagram depicting natural physiological changes in photoplethysmography (PPG) (left) and electrocardiography (ECG) tracings (right) with normal respiration that can be utilized to estimate respiratory rate. Adapted with permission from Charlton et al.107