Table 7.

Effective fungi species with their mechanisms

Fungal species	Name of mechanism	Effect on plant	References
Aspergillus awamori Aspergillus niger Penicillium digitatum	Phosphate solubilizing	Respiration, photosynthesis, energy transfer, signal transduction, energy accumulation, cell enlargement, cell division, and macromolecular biosynthesis	Babalola et al. (2021)
Aspergillus sydawi Aspergillus tubingensis Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus candidus Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus fumigatues Aspergillus flavus Trichoderma viride	Organic acid production such as citric acid, gluconic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, and glycolic acid	Lowering soil pH	Kalayu (2019)
Penicillium lilacinium Penicillium bilaii Penicillium citrinum Penicillium balaji	Organic acid production such as glycolic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, gluconic acid, malic acid, and citric acid	Lowering soil pH	Kalayu (2019)
Aspergillus niger Aspergillus nomius Aspergillus oryzae Beauveria caledonica Penicillium luteum Trichoderma harzianum	Zinc solubilizing	Improve soil fertility and crop yield	Dubey et al. (2019)
Aphanomyces sp. Cylindrocladium sp. Fusarium sp. Macrophomina sp. Phytophthora sp. Pythium sp. Rhizoctonia sp. Sclerotinium sp. Verticillium sp. Thielaviopsis sp.	Formation of skeletal framework of macro aggregates	Aid in the uptake of Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, and other nutrients	Dubey et al. (2019)
Glomus intraradices Glomus mosseae	Potassium solubilizing	Promotes growth of cotton, rape, pepper, cucumber, khella, sorghum, wheat, tomato, chili, Sudan grass, and tobacco	Mącik et al. (2020)