Table 8.

Higher plants as biofertilizers

Applied plant	Biofertilizer form	Treated plant	Effect	References
Banana peel Musa × paradisiaca L	Biochar	Ipomoea aquatica Forssk	Increase K supplement to soil but no significant increase in plant growth	Islam et al. (2019)
	Powder	Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench	Increase K and significant increase in height, leaf area, root length, chlorophyll content, fresh and dry weight per fruit and fruit number	el Barnossi et al. (2021)
Coffee Coffea arabica L	Spent coffee ground	Brassica sp. (cabbage, broccoli)	Increases minerals (N, K, P, Cu), seed emergence, organic matter, and soil fertility	Chrysargyris et al. (2021)
Peas (pulses food) Lathyrus eraceus Lam	Intercropping	Cereal crops	Replenishes soil nitrogen by fixing N from the atmosphere through nodules and symbiotic relationships with rhizobia. Pulses can disrupt disease and weed cycles linked to cereals, raise soil organic carbon and water retention, and reduce greenhouse gas emission	Powers and Thavarajah (2019)
Pomegranate peel Punica granatum L	Water extract	Salvia officinalis L	Compared to those treated with chemical fertilizers, produced greater fresh and dry mass, essential oils, suppression of free radical scavenging, carbohydrates, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and nutritional content	Abd-Rabbu et al. (2021)