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. 2023 Sep 8;38(11):1153–1164. doi: 10.1007/s10654-023-01044-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Percent difference between observed and expected deaths (P-score) from ischemic heart diseases, cerebrovascular disease and diabetes by sex and age group (< 75 vs. ≥ 75 years), in 12 high-income countries (gross national income per capita of $13,205 or more) with population size ≥ 10 million. CZE: Czech Republic. GER: Germany. ITA: Italy. NET: Netherlands. POL: Poland. SPA: Spain. UK: United Kingdom. CHI: Chile. USA: United States of America. JAP: Japan. KOR: Republic of Korea. AUS: Australia