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. 2023 Nov 21;80(12):367. doi: 10.1007/s00018-023-05015-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Structural synaptic plasticity characterization of WT and R6/1 mice transduced with AAV-Foxp2. a Representative photomicrograph showing a Golgi-cox-stained medium spiny neuron (MSN) and b representative Golgi-cox-stained dendrites in MSNs from 18-week-old WT-GFP, R6/1-GFP, WT-Foxp2 and R6/1-Foxp2 mice. c Graph showing quantitative analysis of dendritic spine density in all four groups. Two-way ANOVA, group effect: F_(1,179) = 136.8; p < 0.0001 and interaction effect: F_(1,179) = 25.11; p < 0.0001. (n = 4 animals per group, 10–12 dendrites per animal). d Representative photomicrograph showing a Golgi-cox-stained stellate neuron from layer IV of the S1 cortex (Scale bar 15 µm) and e representative Golgi-cox-stained dendrites of stellate neurons from WT-GFP, R6/1-GFP, WT-Foxp2 and R6/1-Foxp2 mice. f Graph showing quantitative analysis of dendritic spine density in all four groups. Two-way ANOVA, group effect: F_(1,82) = 29.61; p < 0.0001; and interaction effect: F_(1,82) = 13.49; p = 0.0004. (n = 4–5 animals per group, 7–10 dendrites per animal). g Confocal image of a double PSD-95 (magenta) and VGlut2 (green) immunofluorescence in layer IV of the S1 cortex of 18-week-old WT-GFP, R6/1-GFP, WT-Foxp2 and R6/1-Foxp2 mice. Scale bar, 6 μm. h Quantification of the number of PSD-95/VGlut2-positive puncta (white) per field. Two-way ANOVA genotype effect, F_(1,23) = 4.801, p = 0.0388. WT-GFP (n = 8), R6/1-GFP (n = 6), WT-Foxp2 (n = 7) and R6/1-Foxp2 (n = 6). i Confocal image of a double PSD-95 (magenta) and VGlut2 (green) immunofluorescence in dorsal striatum of 18-week-old WT-GFP, R6/1-GFP, WT-Foxp2 and R6/1-Foxp2 mice. Scale bar, 6 μm. j Quantification of the number of PSD-95/VGlut2-positive puncta (white) per field. Two-way ANOVA genotype effect, F_(1,28) = 9.840, p = 0.0040; treatment effect, F_(1,28) = 15.72, p = 0.0005. WT-GFP (n = 10), R6/1-GFP (n = 6), WT-Foxp2 (n = 9) and R6/1-Foxp2 (n = 7). In g–j we analyzed 2 images per slice and 2 slices per mouse. Data are means ± SEM in all experiments. Tukey's post hoc test was used *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 and ****p < 0.0001